<p>The Falls Church is an historic Episcopal church, from which the city of Falls Church, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., takes its name. Established in 1732, the parish in 1769 built a brick church building that remains in use today.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Colonial beginnings</h3><br>
<p>The forerunner to The Falls Church appears to have been founded by landowner William Gunnell, who had moved from Westmoreland County, Virginia, in 1729. In the spring of 1730, he secured a minister and convened a congregation, which met in his home until 1733, when the first building was constructed. Until that time, this area was served by a clergyman who lived near present-day Quantico, and the nearest church was Pohick Church near Lorton.</p><br>
<p>Known as "William Gunnells Church", the new wooden structure was designed and built by Colonel Richard Blackburn, who was directed to construct a weatherboarded building forty feet by twenty-two feet, with a 13:12 pitch roof, and with interior work modeled on that of Pohick Church; the cost was 33,500 pounds of tobacco. Like Pohick Church, the new church served Truro Parish, which had been established by the colonial Virginia Assembly in May 1732 for the land north of the Occoquan River; Truros first vestry met in November 1732. Michael Reagan allowed the church to be built on his land, but failed to grant the deed. John Trammell later bought the land and, in 1746, sold the two acre lot, including the church, the churchyard, and a spring, to the vestry of Truro Parish. By this point, it was known as the Upper Church.</p><br>
<p>The Vestry Book first referred to it as the "Falls Church" on November 28, 1757, owing to its location at the intersection of the road to the Little Falls of the Potomac River (upstream of the Chain Bridge) and the Middle Turnpike (leading from Alexandria to Leesburg, now Virginia Route 7 or Leesburg Pike, called West Broad Street in downtown Falls Church City).</p><br>
<p>George Mason was elected vestryman in 1748, as was George Washington in 1762.</p><br>
<h3>The new brick church</h3><br>
<p>By 1762, the wood building had fallen into decay and the vestry ordered a new brick building to be constructed on the same site. The next year, George Washington and George William Fairfax, as church wardens, assumed responsibility to contract for the new building. After 1765, this church became the seat of the new Fairfax Parish.</p><br>
<p>The new church was designed by Colonel James Wren, a member of the vestry. Work commenced in 1767 and completed in late fall 1769. Wren, a slaveowner, used enslaved people to do the work.</p><br>
<p>The Wren building remains on the site, between S. Washington, E. Broad, and E. Fairfax Streets. The 1769 structure is the oldest remaining church building north of Quantico in Virginia and is one of the oldest church structures in the United States.</p><br>
<h3>Revolutionary War and aftermath</h3><br>
<p>The Fairfax Militia recruited from the church during the Revolutionary War, and it is said that at the war&#39;s end, the Declaration of Independence was read to citizens from the steps of the south doors. In 1784, the Commonwealth of Virginia revoked the status of the Anglican Church as state church. In 1789, The Falls Church was abandoned and remained unoccupied for almost 50 years; in 1836, it was reoccupied by an Episcopal congregation. Francis Scott Key was a lay reader of this congregation, as was Henry Fairfax, who used his own funds to restore the building during 1838 and 1839.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War disruption and damage</h3><br>
<p>During the American Civil War the church was used by Union troops as a hospital and later as a stable. Use of the building for worship services resumed after the war; the sanctuary has now been in continuous use since about 1873. The interior was repaired after the war, with the Federal government paying for damage caused by Union forces. Some of these repairs can be discerned in brickwork below the windows and in the lower part of the brick doorway at the west end of the church.</p><br>
<p>The church was remodeled in 1908 and extensively renovated in 1959. Galleries in Wren&#39;s original design but never constructed were installed, and a new chancel was added. Other than repairs of war damage and the chancel addition, the structure reflects the original 1769 construction.</p><br>
<h2>Disaffiliation and church ownership issues</h2><br>
<p>Between 2006 and 2014 the congregation became divided on religious issues, and the buildings and property of the congregation became the subject of protracted litigation.</p><br>
<p>In December 2006, about 90% of the congregation voted to disaffiliate from the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (ECUSA) (a member of the Anglican Communion), and join the Convocation of Anglicans in North America (CANA). The minority group reorganized itself as The Falls Church (Episcopal), and began holding services across the street at Falls Church Presbyterian Church. The disaffiliating majority renamed itself The Falls Church (Anglican) and continued to worship at The Falls Church property, and later petitioned a local court to transfer ownership of the property to CANA. The Episcopal Diocese of Virginia, of The Episcopal Church, intervened in the case and resisted the transfer. After a series of trial court rulings and appeals, the Virginia Supreme Court affirmed a trial court decision that left the church property in the hands of The Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<p>The Episcopal parish returned to worshiping at the historic property, and the Anglican parish moved to a different location. In March 2014, the USA Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal by the Falls Church Anglican, ending the matter.</p><br>
<p>The Oblong Friends Meeting House is a mid-18th century Friends Meeting House of the Religious Society of Friends in the hamlet of Quaker Hill, in the town of Pawling, Dutchess County, New York, United States listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1973.</p><br>
<p>Members of the Religious Society of Friends settled on Quaker Hill in the 1730s and sought permission to establish a meeting and build a meeting house in 1740. The first meeting house was constructed across from the present building in 1742, but as membership grew, this building became too small and in 1763, the Yearly Meeting decided to erect "a framed house of timber, the dimensions to be 45 ft long, 40 ft wide and 15 ft stud to admit of galleries." This new house was built in 1764 and is the structure that has remained on the site since. Benjamin Sherman, carpenter of Quaker Hill, is credited with building the new Hicksite Meeting House in 1764.</p><br>
<p>In 1767, the question was raised in the meeting house whether it was "consistent with the Christian spirit to hold a person in</p><br>
<p>slavery". After years of discussion, the question was answered in 1776 by the resolution that meetings were not to accept financial contributions or services from members owning slaves.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War a portion of the Continental Army camped in the nearby hills, both during the fall</p><br>
<p>of 1778 and the winter of 1779. The meeting house was commandeered by General Washington&#39;s officers to be used as a military hospital.</p><br>
<p>In 1828, the New York Meeting of the Society of Friends split into the Orthodox and Hicksite Societies of Friends. From then on, the</p><br>
<p>Hicksites used the Meeting House, and the Orthodox Society, which had fewer members, built its own meeting house in 1831, just 200 ft to the northwest. The latter building was later converted into a private residence.</p><br>
<p>Membership in the area&#39;s Society of Friends declined in the course of the 19th century and the meetings were "laid down" in 1885. The property was acquired by the Historical Society of Quaker Hill and Pawling in 1936 which has preserved the building since then.</p><br>
<p>The building is a two-story building, five bays wide and two bays deep. Inside the shingled structure, there are sliding panels which divide the mens and womens portions of the building. As with most meeting houses, there are two front doors, one for each gender.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Meeting House is located on the north side of Meeting House Road, about 100 meters from where it branches off from Quaker Hill Road, in the Hamlet of Quaker Hill, Town of Pawling, NY.</p><br>
<p>The Akin Free Library on Quaker Hill is a historic eclectic late Victorian stone building in the hamlet of Quaker Hill, town of Pawling, Dutchess County, New York, USA, listed in the National Register of Historic Places as a historic place of local significance since 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Akin Free Library was a gift from the Quaker Albert J. Akin (1803–1903), founder of the Bank of Pawling and the Mizzentop Hotel on Quaker Hill. The building was designed by the architect John A. Wood and constructed between 1898 and 1908. It is a 2½-story, T-plan, stone building on a raised basement with an engaged three-story central clock tower and rear annex. The building features an entrance portico, bracketed sheet copper cornice, and standing seam copper roof. Its design is Victorian eclectic.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The library itself is located on the first floor of the building. Among others, its holdings of several thousand books contain books of local interest and by local authors, a children&#39;s section, and newspaper collections.</p><br>
<h2>Museums</h2><br>
<p>The Historical Society Museum occupies the second floor of the building. Its collections include objects pertaining to the local history such as period and Quaker clothing, tools and artwork, bowling pins from the Mizzentop Hotel, and the service window from the old Quaker Hill Post Office.</p><br>
<p>The lower floor of the building houses the Olive Gunnison Natural History Museum, which displays about 200 mounted birds, rocks and minerals, as well as a shrunken human head.</p><br>
<p>The Midland Terminal Railroad Depot in Victor, Colorado, was built in 1895 for the Midland Terminal Railway.</p><br>
<p>Colorado Midland Railroad established the Midland Terminal Railroad for a spur line between Divide and Cripple Creek and then to Victor. This allowed for ore to be transported via train rather than wagons for processing in Old Colorado City.</p><br>
<p>The brick depot contains features common to its type and period of construction including the wide overhanging eaves, the central bay office window, and the large freight doors.</p><br>
<p>The Old City is a neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, located at the northeast corner of the city&#39;s downtown area. Originally part of a raucous and vice-ridden section of town known as "The Bowery," the Old City has since been revitalized through extensive redevelopment efforts carried out during the 1980s through the present. Currently, the Old City is an offbeat urban neighborhood, home to several unique restaurants, bars, clubs, and shops.</p><br>
<p>In spite of its name, the Old City is not the oldest section of Knoxville. The railroad brought an influx of Irish immigrants, who established the Old Citys first saloons and shops. After the Civil War, Knoxville developed into one of the southeasts largest wholesaling centers. Wholesalers built large warehouses, such as the ones along Jackson Avenue, where rural East Tennessee merchants came to buy the goods with which they stocked their general stores.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1900s, Central Street was lined with saloons and brothels. Violent crime and prostitution continued to be a problem into the 1960s, causing many of the neighborhoods businesses to flee the area. Beginning in 1986, successful redevelopment efforts led by Architect Peter Calandruccio and Builder Benny Curl revitalized the neighborhood. Calandruccios master-planning (see below) prompted other developers to begin work on other properties as the opportunity of broad-scaled development showed itself promising.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Old City is concentrated around the intersection of Central Street and Jackson Avenue, adjacent to the Southern Terminal tracks and railyard (now part of the Norfolk Southern system). The neighborhood is roughly bounded by Magnolia Avenue on the north, Gay Street on the west, Summit Hill Drive on the south, and the interstate overpasses on the east. Interstate 40 passes just north of the Old City, and is accessible via the Downtown Loop from Summit Hill Drive.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>During the first half of the 19th century, Knoxvilles northward expansion was slow. By 1852, Vine Avenue marked the citys northern limits.</p><br>
<p>The arrival of the railroad had a major impact on the citys cultural makeup, as hundreds of Irish immigrants arrived in town to help construct the railroad tracks and facilities. Many of these immigrants settled in what is now the Old City, so much so that at one point the area was known as "Irish Town." After the Civil War, Irish businessmen began building saloons and shops along Central (originally Crozier) Street that served the citys railroad traffic. Among these businesses was a saloon built by Patrick Sullivan (1840&mdash;1925), which initially operated out of a wooden structure before Sullivan erected the elaborate brick building that still stands at the corner of Central and Jackson.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, Knoxvilles two main rail lines merged to form the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad, which in subsequent years constructed or acquired over 2,500 mi of track across the southeast, leading to a wholesaling and industrial boom in the city. The four-story City Mills (later White Lily) plant and the Beachs Marble Works finishing mill stood along Depot, and the Elridge Carriage Factory operated near the modern corner of Central and Summit Hill.</p><br>
<h3>Early 1900s</h3><br>
<p>By the early 1900s, Central Street had developed into a raucous area known as "The Bowery," presumably after the New York neighborhood of similar repute. A 1900 article described the Bowery as being "congregated by nine-tenths of the criminal element" of Knoxville, Florida Street, which ran adjacent to Central prior to expressway construction, developed into a red-light district known as "Friendly Town."</p><br>
<p>Bar fights and shootouts were not uncommon at the Bowerys saloons. The most well-known of the Bowerys gunfights occurred at Ike Jones bar on Central on December 13, 1901, when outlaw Kid Curry (a member of Butch Cassidys Wild Bunch) shot two Knoxville police officers. Curry was eventually captured and jailed, but managed to escape. The shooting became a rallying cry for the citys prohibitionists, who shouted down Knoxville mayor Samuel Heiskell with chants of "Harvey Logan" (Currys real name) during a rally on Market Square in 1907.</p><br>
<p>Peace Corps "progenitor" James Herman Robinson (1907&ndash;1972) grew up in a polluted and disease-ridden slum known as "The Bottoms," which lay adjacent to the Bowery on the banks of First Creek. In his autobiography, Road Without Turning, Robinson describes the Bottoms as the "lowest" part of Knoxville, "geographically, morally, and economically." He later joined a gang which hung out at the corner of Central and Vine, where they witnessed "every lewd act and heard every vile phrase descriptive of it."</p><br>
<p>While the Bowery was one of the most crime-ridden sections of Knoxville, it was also one of the most diverse, and was one of the few parts of town where black-owned businesses functioned next to white-owned businesses. Black-owned businesses in the neighborhood included the Gem Theater, the Dogan-Gaither Motel, Gleaner Printing Company, and Easleys Grocery. In the early 1900s, Greek immigrant Constantine Stergiokis opened one of Knoxvilles first Greek restaurants along Central. After citywide prohibition shut down Knoxville&#39;s saloons, the Italian-American Armetta family opened an ice cream parlor in the Sullivan building.</p><br>
<p>Part of the Knoxville Riot of 1919, one of the city&#39;s worst racial episodes, took place in the Bowery on August 30, 1919. Early that morning, a white woman was murdered, and police arrested Maurice Mays, a prominent local mulatto, for the crime. That afternoon, a lynch mob broke into the jail, and failing to find Mays, freed several inmates and looted the liquor storage room. As the riot spread into the streets, the rioters made their way to the Bowery, where they attacked and exchanged gunfire with black residents along Vine Avenue. The National Guard finally restored order the following morning.</p><br>
<h3>Revitalization</h3><br>
<p>As crime persisted in the Bowery, businesses began moving away. In the 1940s, JFG Coffee, which had opened its processing plant on West Jackson in 1921, threatened to move to a new location, complaining that the companys truck drivers were consistently mobbed by prostitutes. Walter McGinnis, who operated the Tri-City Barber College at the corner of Jackson and Central from 1952 until 1992, recalled that, "Saturday at noon, the sawmills would close, and the people who worked in the forest would come to South Central. By 5 oclock that night they were all pretty drunk and fightin.&#39;"</p><br>
<p>Several scenes in Cormac McCarthys 1979 novel, Suttree, take place in the Old City. In one scene, the title character passes along Central, where "loud and shoddy commerce erupted out of the dim shops into the streets and packs of scarred dogs wandered," en route to sell his fish to a Central Street butcher. In another scene, a friend of Suttrees tells a story about a murderer showing off his victim&#39;s severed head at a bar on Central. The book also mentions the "Corner Grill" (later the Corner Lounge), which operated on North Central from the 1930s until 2008.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s restaurant owner Kris Kendrick began buying random individual properties in the area, but had no particularly cohesive vision for the district. In 1986 Architect Peter Calandruccio began a visionary master planning and development undertaking. Acquiring strategic properties oriented around the intersection of Central and Jackson streets, he brought to the district a sense of place and orientation. After setting-up multiple partnerships with which he acquired some 9 properties as a critical mass he embarked on securing financing for his ventures. Simultaneously, he secured a long-term lease for the relocation of Hewgleys Music, a Knoxville institution specializing in the sale of musical instruments, as a vital anchor tenant for his flagship 40,000 s.f. mixed-use property at the NW corner of the intersection of Jackson and Central, naming it "Hewgley Park". Calandruccio teamed-up with builder, Benny Curl to undertake the renovation/preservation of the historic buildings for re-use, Curls specialty as a builder. Curl also acquired and developed the pivotal corner opposite Hewgley Park as a restaurant he called Manhattans - the former name of a former establishment at that location. Manhattans became a thriving first-start gathering spot and Curls construction crew worked doggedly on multiple builder restorations simultaneously as the districts popularity exploded. Calandruccio set-up and presided over the "Old City Neighborhood Association" as new businesses began to open. To improve overall infrastructure Calandruccio applied for and secured a $1.2m federal Urban Development Action Grant for the placement of overhead utility wires underground, new sidewalks, landscaping, and new outdoor lighting. With this focused vision, he was able to gain critical publicity for the bringing-in of other developers, tenants, and residents to the area, thus setting in motion the revitalization that stimulated the rebirth of Knoxvilles Central Business District. Most noteworthy in addition to Hewgleys Music was Calandruccios work with Ashley Capps in starting the now renowned "Ella Gurus" live music venue. Capps and Calandruccios friendship had started over their love of music and together they set music as the focal theme of the Old City. Some of the other memorable initial new businesses included "Annies Restaurant" by Annie Delisle (novelist Cormac McCarthys ex-wife), Old City Mercantile, Kerbys Antiques, Sullivan&#39;s Saloon, and Java Coffee Shop. From the work of these early entrepreneurs came what is now the bustling Old City.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Now considered the "club district" of Knoxville (currently no strip clubs), the Old City is generally made up of warehouses, buildings of light industrial use, and a small historically commercial strip along South Central Street. The White Lily Foods plant, which had operated since 1885, shut down in 2008. JFG Coffee was for decades located in several buildings in the Old City, but moved in 2007. The former JFG roasting facility at 200 West Jackson Avenue was redeveloped into the JFG Flats residential lofts in 2009, and the White Lily Foods building was purchased in 2012 by the same company that developed the roasting facility (Dewhirst Properties). It reopened as residential rental apartments in 2015. John H. Daniel Company, a custom tailoring company, operated on West Jackson from 1928 to 2016 when they moved north of downtown on Central St. The building was sold to developers and reconfigured as rental loft apartments with retail storefronts on the first floor. It is called "The Daniel", and opened to tenants late in 2016.</p><br>
<p>There are several loft apartments in the older buildings of the Old City, many located behind and above offices and stores. The Jackson Ateliers Building and Hewgley Park lofts have been residential locations for many years. The Jacksonian Condos, JFG Flats, and Fire Street Lofts, have been redeveloped more recently as upscale condominiums, some listing in excess of $600,000.</p><br>
<p>The area tends to attract young single adults, who are sometimes affiliated with the University of Tennessee, which is less than two miles away. The Old City&#39;s proximity to entertainment and nightlife make it an attractive place to live for many young adults.</p><br>
<p>The Mine Falls Gatehouse is a dam gatehouse in Mine Falls Park in Nashua, New Hampshire. It was built in 1886 by the Nashua Manufacturing Company to regulate water flow from the mill yard. The company relied on water flow to provide power to its mill. In 1987 the gatehouse was included in the Nashua Manufacturing Company Historic District and listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>The Nashua Manufacturing Company received a charter in the 1820s to make cloth and to trade near the Nashua River. Three miles from where the company&#39;s mills were being built, a dam was constructed at Mine Falls. A power canal was hand-dug under the supervision of James Baldwin. His idea was to change the course of the water from the river, through the guard gates, and into the canal. By the time the water reached the mills, it had enough velocity to turn the waterwheels under the building.</p><br>
<p>The gatehouse was constructed in 1886 during the presidency of Grover Cleveland. At the time it was a state-of-the-art improvement over the smaller gates that once occupied the canal. A Lowell, Massachusetts contractor, L.F. Kittrege, hired men to build five new lift gates that would be protected by the brick walls of the gatehouse.</p><br>
<p>The gatehouse, along with the dam and canal, is a part of the Nashua Manufacturing Company Historic District; they are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The gatehouse was built for practicality, not architectural refinement. Its interior contains machinery that reflects the transition from hydropower to electric power.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>During the Great Depression of the 1930s, construction of new commercial buildings came to a stop as the economy declined. With changing manufacturing practices, many textile companies in New England closed or relocated to the South, where non-union workers could be hired for less money. Nashua Manufacturing Company did not move and finally closed in 1948.</p><br>
<p>Public School 9, originally known as Grammar School 9, then later the John Jasper School and currently the Mickey Mantle School, is a historic school building at 466 West End Avenue at West 82nd Street in the Upper West Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was built in 1894-96, and was designed by C. B. J. Snyder, the Superintendent of School Buildings.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1987, It is located in the Riverside-West End Historic District Extension I.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school that became P.S. 9 was originally organized by the vestry of Saint Michael&#39;s Church (Episcopal) in the early 19th century. The vestry continued to operate the school in the Bloomingdale area until a law was enacted November 19, 1824 which barred church schools from receiving public school funding. On May 22, 1826, the Public School Society of New York acquired it; and, in July 1827, the Society paid $250 for a 100x100 foot tract at 82nd Street between 10th (Amsterdam) and 11th (West End) Avenues. On July 19, 1830, the Society completed the construction of a one-story clapboard school at 466 West End Avenue for $1,500, accommodating about 50 children. The Society transferred jurisdiction of the school to the Board of Education in July 1853.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, the New York Times published a letter to Mayor Hugh J. Grant citing the grim condition of the P.S. 9 building:</p><br>
<p>There was no visible plaster in the entire building. The wooden staircases and wood-lined stairways were only 29 inches wide. Large stoves and stovepipes beneath the stairs and elsewhere, used for warming the building, were dangerously close to the woodwork. The so-called passages were 30 inches wide. The building was devoid of any means of escape from the rear and devoid of a fire escape. Means of egress from the front was insufficient.</p><br>
<p>The next year (1890), the Board of Education demolished the building. From 1894-96, the Board erected a modern school building on the same site equipped with electricity and ventilation, and designed by C. B. J. Snyder. Designed to blend with the neighborhood, the ecclesiastical English gothic structure was a style prevalent in schools built by Trinity Church.</p><br>
<p>On January 26, 1916, during a graduation ceremony, P.S. 9 was named after the late John Jasper. Jasper was an educator who had served at P.S. 9 as a teacher in 1857 and as its principal from 1867 to 1897. He went on to become Assistant Superintendent of Schools then, in 1898, Borough Associate Superintendent of Schools for Manhattan and the Bronx.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, David H. Moskowitz, the Deputy Superintendent for Research and Evaluation for New York City Schools, reported a high transient rate at several elementary schools, including P.S. 9, which ranged from 90 to 99% during the 1959&ndash;1960 school year.</p><br>
<p>P.S. 9 moved to a newly constructed building on Columbus Avenue at West 84th Street in 1965. The former P.S. 9 building remained in the public school system. Since 2002, it has been the home of the Mickey Mantle School (P.S. 811M), serving children with disabilities.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>A. J. Liebling, born 1904</p><br>
<p>Roy Lichtenstein, student in the 1930s</p><br>
<p>Dick Morris, student in the 1950s</p><br>
<p>Everett Raymond Kinstler, student in the mid 1930s</p><br>
<p>Clara Gordon Bow, student in the Late 1910s and early 1920s. https://books.google.com/books?id=mm3gQqcl20UC&pg=PA11</p><br>
<p>The Provincetown Post Office is located at 217 Commercial Street in Provincetown, Massachusetts. It is located in a -story brick building that was built in 1930. The main facade has a loggia-style arcade of three arches on the first level, leading to a recessed entrance. The second story has three large windows across, and the gable end has an oculus window and dentil moulding. The building is crowned by a cupola.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Gunnison Tunnel is an irrigation tunnel constructed between 1905 and 1909 by the USA Bureau of Reclamation in Montrose County, Colorado. The 5.8 mi tunnel diverts water from the Gunnison River to the arid Uncompahgre Valley around Montrose, Colorado.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the time of its completion, it was the longest irrigation tunnel in the world and quickly made the area around Montrose into profitable agricultural lands. In 1972, the tunnel was designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).</p><br>
<p>The idea for a tunnel is credited to Frank Lauzon, a miner and prospector. By the early 1890s he was farming in Montrose. Popular lore is that idea came to him in a dream that the waters of the Gunnison River should be brought to the valley. In the late 1890s, the campaign for the tunnel was led by Omer Madison Kem. National funding was approved in 1902.</p><br>
<p>As construction was undertaken, two advances in technology made work safer and easier. Jackhammers fed by a compressor replaced hand-turned drill bits to set holes for blasting charges. Dynamite replaced black powder for blasting. By 1906 shifts of workers up to 30 at a time worked in the tunnel.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel opened in 1909 to much fanfare with a dedication ceremony attended by President William Howard Taft.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The tunnel is 5.8 mi long and is 11x12 ft in cross-section, with square corners at the bottom and an arched roof. It drops about 40 ft over its length. At the deepest, it is about 2,200 ft beneath the surface of Vernal Mesa.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, some communities in the Uncompahgre Valley, celebrated the centennial anniversary of the Gunnison Tunnel opening.</p><br>
<p>The Portland Brownstone Quarries are a set of historic quarries in Portland, Connecticut. The brownstone mined from these quarries was an important source for construction in the latter half of the 19th century. The stone from these quarries was used in a number of landmark buildings in Chicago, Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., New Haven, Connecticut, and Hartford. The site was listed as a National Historic Landmark, which also placed it on the National Register of Historic Places, on May 16, 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Early history of the quarry</h2><br>
<p>Quarrying on this site began in 1690 by James Stanclift, who contracted with the town of Middletown to build stonework in exchange for a deed of land. Commercial quarrying started in 1783 when the Brainerd Quarry Company began operations. During the peak of the brownstone era, more than 1500 workers were employed by the quarries, which shipped stone on their own ships for eight months out of the year. All efforts to drain the flooded quarries have been unsuccessful; one theory is that the floods opened some underground springs, making it impossible to effectively drain the quarries.</p><br>
<h2>Current use of the quarry site</h2><br>
<p>In 1994, a new operator, Connecticut Brownstone Quarries, began a small-scale quarrying operation to provide stone for restoration of brownstone buildings.</p><br>
<p>The town purchased the historic quarries and 42 acre of adjacent land in 1999 and 2000.</p><br>
<p>The quarries have been leased for development as a recreation center and is currently being operated by Brownstone Exploration & Discovery Park, with the hope that awareness of the historic landmark will strengthen the local economy.</p><br>
<p>Over the years the park has gradually expanded its attractions to include scuba diving, climbing and rappelling, swimming, snorkeling, canoeing and kayaking, hiking, mountain biking, wake boarding, cliff jumping, giant inflatable toys, and challenge courses for group team building. All activities are currently available except for the campground - which is currently under construction.</p><br>
<p>There are also plans to offer educational programs at the site. Scuba diving is becoming a popular recreational use within the park, with divers coming from all over Connecticut and even some from out of state.</p><br>
<p>Zip lines</p><br>
<p>Brownstone Park installed two zip lines that cut across the quarry in July 2007. The first line goes from the west side of the park to the peninsula at the center of the park. The second line travels south along the west side of the quarry. The lines are 750 and 780 ft long respectively. For the 2010 season, the Park added another two zip lines, one of which is only accessible by climbing up a 65-foot rock wall.</p><br>
<p>Water slide</p><br>
<p>Brownstone Park installed a 100 ft water slide in July 2007.</p><br>
<p>Water toys</p><br>
<p>A variety of water toys including kayaks, canoes, launchers, trampolines and windsurfers are available.</p><br>
<p>Wake boarding</p><br>
<p>Several wake boarding lines are available, along with expert jumps and rails. Complimentary beginning lessons are included in the day pass.</p><br>
<p>The Byrdcliffe Colony, also called the Byrdcliffe Arts Colony or Byrdcliffe Historic District, was founded in 1902 near Woodstock, New York by Jane Byrd McCall and Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead and colleagues, Bolton Brown  and Hervey White . It is the oldest operating arts and crafts colony in America. The Arts and Crafts movement arose in the late nineteenth century in reaction to the dehumanizing monotony and standardization of industrial production. Byrdcliffe was created as an experiment in utopian living inspired by the Arts and Crafts movement.</p><br>
<p>The colony is still in operation today and is located on 300 acre with 35 original buildings, all designed in the Arts and Crafts style. There is a self-guided walking tour through the compound as well as a hiking path that leads to the mountain top which gives way to scenic Catskill views.</p><br>
<p>Along with ongoing music, theater and art performances held in the Byrdcliffe Theater, Barn and on property lawns, The Byrdcliffe Colony hosts an Artist-In-Residence program that houses over 70 artists each summer who practice in a wide variety of fields and media. The program accepts writers, composers, and visual artists. Byrdcliffe maintains an exhibition and performance space in the heart of Woodstock, the Kleinert/James Center for the Arts, which hosts 6 or 7 exhibitions of primarily contemporary art annually.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Woodstock is surrounded by the Catskill Mountains of New York State. The entire Byrdcliffe estate lay on 1,500 acre on the south-facing side of Mount Guardian, just above Woodstock. This location provides the rustic landscape meant to inspire and elevate the art community. Additionally, Woodstock offers close proximity to the art and culture of New York City and was home to well-known painters like Milton Avery and Philip Guston.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For many years, Whitehead held the idea of creating an Arts and Crafts community where all the arts would come together, including painting, sculpture, music, metalwork, and furniture making. After a failed attempt to establish a community near Santa Barbara, California and Albany, Oregon, he scouted the East Coast for a suitable site, sending painter and lithographer Bolton Brown on a three-week excursion through the Hudson Valley, where he would select Woodstock, New York, and begin construction. The Byrdcliffe Arts Colony received its name as a combination of Ralph Radcliffe Whiteheads middle name and his wifes, Jane Byrd McCall Whitehead, middle name.</p><br>
<p>Artists, writers, musicians, social reformers, and intellectuals came from across the country to stay at Byrdcliffe and gain inspiration from the setting and people with shared artistic goals. Facilities included studios for painting, weaving, pottery, metalwork, woodworking; cottages with bathrooms and sleeping porches; a library, and a rambling villa for Whitehead and his family. He built "White Pines" as his residence with a skylit cathedral ceilinged weaving room overlooking a picturesque view across the Woodstock Valley.</p><br>
<p>Writer Hervey White had been an early founder and worker at Byrdcliffe Colony and he was one of the first to leave and start a new, nearby colony independently. The Byrdcliffe Colony had been "well-financed and run somewhat autocratically" with a strong sense of designing and planning a legacy, while Maverick Artist Colony was more "scruffier, more truly communal and anarchic".</p><br>
<p>The artist colony of Byrdcliffe failed to fulfill its goals as a self-sufficient arts community. It became too expensive, and Ralph Whiteheads dominating personality became a confining force. Byrdcliffe survived for almost 30 years under Whiteheads vision until his death in 1929.</p><br>
<p>After Ralph Whiteheads death in 1929, his widow, Jane, and son Peter struggled to keep the colony alive. After Janes death in 1955, Peter sold much of the land to pay taxes and maintenance on the heart of the colony which he kept intact. The Whiteheads intended to preserve Byrdcliffe "for the purpose of promoting among the residents of Woodstock...the study, practice and development of skill in the fine arts and crafts, as well as a true appreciation thereof..."</p><br>
<p>Although the arts and crafts utopian experiment soon ran out of steam, the continuing magic of Byrdcliffe enthralled many notable people including the educator John Dewey, author Thomas Mann and naturalist John Burroughs. Isadora Duncan danced at White Pines; Bob Dylan lived in a house at Byrdcliffe in the 60s and early 70s; Joanne Woodward was involved in the River Arts Repertory at the Byrdcliffe Theatre.</p><br>
<h2>Artist in Residence program</h2><br>
<p>The Artist in Residence program has operated at Byrdcliffe for approximately 20 years and now hosts over 75 artists throughout four summer sessions. Artists live either in two large communal buildings, or in independent cottages, fostering a creative community as originally intended by the founders. There are numerous large work spaces and studios in multiple buildings on the property. The program sees an especially large influx of practicing visual artists, as well as published writers, college professors and professional composers, looking for retreat time to concentrate on their work. Facilities open for use by Byrdcliffe artists are a ceramics studio, jewelry making studio, darkroom, and large performance spaces such as the Byrdcliffe Theater and the Barn. Composers work in a small studio with a 1905 Steinway upright piano.</p><br>
<h2>Merger with Woodstock Guild of Craftsmen</h2><br>
<p>Upon Peter Whiteheads death in 1975, Byrdcliffe was left to the Woodstock Guild of Craftsmen which has continued to maintain and administer programs at the colony. In 1979, the Byrdcliffe Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its historical and architectural significance. Byrdcliffes cottages have been rented since 1984 only to working artists, maintaining sympathy with the founder&#39;s creative vision.</p><br>
<h2>Woodstock Byrdcliffe Guild</h2><br>
<p>Byrdcliffe is now owned by the Woodstock Byrdcliffe Guild (WBG), a non-profit multi-arts organization with over 600 members. WBG&#39;s Kleinert/James Center for the Arts hosts local and national performing, visual, and literary artists. The WBG offers a variety of classes in the arts.</p><br>
<p>The José María Alviso Adobe, located in Milpitas, California, United States, was the home of José María Alviso, an early alcalde  of neighboring Pueblo de San Jose. It was built in 1837 and enlarged in the early 1850s, and stands as an excellent example of the Monterey Colonial style of architecture popularized throughout California in the 1830s and 1840s. It is the only remaining example of this style in the Santa Clara Valley and San Francisco Bay Area. The adobe is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The building is the result of a major remodeling completed by 1853 by the Alviso family. They added a wood-frame second floor to the family&#39;s one-story adobe house. Before the remodeling in 1853, the earlier building, built around 1837, most likely as a one-story adobe, provided the thick adobe walls of the first floor. The Alviso Adobe is a two-story residence with a hipped roof and a balcony carried on three sides. The plan of the rectangular residence is symmetrical, comprising three rooms downstairs with three upstairs rooms. The Alviso Adobe contains a remarkable amount of historic fabric—adobe walls from the 1830s, examples of framing and doors, windows, hardware from 1853 and an almost intact 1920s kitchen. It is unusual to find a building as little altered over a period of 150 years.</p><br>
<p>The Alviso Adobe exhibits the character-defining features of the Monterey style: wood-shingled hipped roof, wood balconies on three sides, paired French doors opening to the outside, multi-paned windows, interior fireplaces, and a symmetrical layout.</p><br>
<p>The property is under renovation. The project work comprises the upgrading of the existing historic farm to reflect the theme of a working ranch and orchard as it would have appeared in the 1920s. A number of mature trees are present on the site. A barn containing timbers dating to the 1840s was recently demolished. Both historic and prehistoric subsurface cultural remains have been documented in the vicinity of the residence.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Captain David Pugh House is a historic 19th-century Federal-style residence on the Cacapon River in the unincorporated community of Hooks Mills in Hampshire County, West Virginia, United States. It is also known by its current farm name, Riversdell. It is a -story frame dwelling built in 1835. It sits on a stone foundation and has a -story addition built in 1910. The front facade features a centered porch with shed roof supported by two Tuscan order columns. The rear has a two-story, full-width porch recessed under the gable roof. Also on the property are a contributing spring house , shed , outhouse , and stone wall .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Villa Terrace is a historic house in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was built in 1924 for the Lloyd R. Smith family - an Italian Renaissance-style home on a bluff above Lake Michigan. Since 1966 the house and grounds have housed the Villa Terrace Decorative Arts Museum. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Lloyd R. Smith House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lloyd Smith (1883–1944) was the president of A.O. Smith Corporation. After returning from a trip to Italy, the Smiths commissioned architect David Adler to design their new home. The architecture and water stairs were inspired by Villa Cicogna Mozzoni (built in the 1560s) in Lombardy, Italy. Smith called the house Sopra Mare, which is Italian for "above the sea." The ironwork in the home is from the Milwaukee studio of Cyril Colnik, an Austrian-born blacksmith.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding bluff is landscaped with terraces and formal gardens, a "water stairway," fishponds, and two secret gardens. Rose Standish Nichols is credited with the original landscape design. No record of her plan for the Smith residence has been found.</p><br>
<p>Lloyd Smith died in 1944. In 1966 the Smith family donated their home to Milwaukee County to serve as a Decorative Arts Museum. Some rooms were converted to offices, but the house and grounds changed little with the transition from home to museum. In 1976, a formal planting of sugar maple bosques with privet hedges and white gravel was installed.</p><br>
<p>Villa Terrace&#39;s art collection features fine and decorative arts dating from the 15th through the 19th centuries, wrought iron masterpieces by Cyril Colnik and changing exhibitions highlighting the decorative arts. It is also the host of a Garden Lecture series, in which attendees are able to learn more about planning and maintenance for their home gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Renaissance Garden</h2><br>
<p>In 1997, the Friends of Villa Terrace committed themselves to restore the gardens at Villa Terrace. Based on the master plan created by Buettner & Associates, volunteers with the Renaissance Garden Club began two years of site clearing in the spring of 1998. Construction of the gardens began in 2000 and continued for two more years. After four years of work, the gardens officially opened to the public in September 2002.</p><br>
<p>Since that time, the gardens have been continuously maintained by the Friends of Villa Terrace.</p><br>
<h2>Weddings</h2><br>
<p>Villa Terrace is a popular site for weddings and receptions in Milwaukee. The Italian villa, picturesque garden, unique stairways and breath-taking views of Lake Michigan provide scenery that would otherwise only be attainable by traveling to Europe.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is located at the intersection of Lake Street and Cedar Avenue. Since the first burial in 1853 the cemetery has been the final resting place of those who helped shape the history of early Minneapolis. Several prominent territorial pioneers, including Charles Christmas, Edwin Hedderly, and Philander Prescott are buried there. Approximately 200 military veterans who fought in wars ranging from the War of 1812 to World War I are buried in the cemetery. It is the burial site for many of the citys early African-American residents and for many people who had ties to the abolitionist movement in Minnesota. Several thousand immigrants, primarily from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe, are buried there, as are many of their children. Over half of the cemeterys 20,000 interments are children.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 for its local significance in the theme of social history. It was nominated for reflecting both the city&#39;s pioneer era and an early historic preservation movement that saw the site restored from 1928 to 1936.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Farmers Martin and Elizabeth Layman came to Minneapolis in 1853. Like many early Minnesotans, they were born in New York and made their way west in stages—in their case, by way of Peoria County, Illinois. They bought land at what later became the corner of Cedar Avenue and Lake Street in South Minneapolis. The Laymans seem to have gotten into the cemetery business by happenstance when, soon after they arrived, a Baptist pastor asked to bury his infant son, Carlton Cressey (or Cressy), on their land.</p><br>
<p>The Laymans opened Minneapolis Cemetery in 1858 and expanded it to 10 acre in 1860. The Laymans, their farm, and the cemetery prospered, and the family built a stately house across from the cemetery gates on Cedar Street. Often known as Layman&#39;s Cemetery, it grew to 27 acre and eventually held around 27,000 remains.</p><br>
<p>Both Laymans died in 1886, and their house burned down soon after that. The burials continued, but maintenance declined. By 1919 the cemetery had reached capacity; that year, the city closed it to new burials. Over the next several years, some 7,000 remains were dug up and taken elsewhere. In 1928 the city of Minneapolis assumed responsibility for maintaining the cemetery. The city owns the physical structures (fence, flagpole, caretaker&#39;s cottage, etc.) and approximately 5,000 empty graves. The occupied graves remain the property of the families of the deceased.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>The "Pioneers" part of the name is more apt than "Soldiers". There are only about 190 identified veterans in the cemetery: one from World War I, four from the War of 1812, 21 from the Spanish–American War, the rest from the Civil War. About 25 are clustered in a small military plot, the rest scattered. Civil War veteran Oscar Vaughn (16th United States Colored Infantry) is one of many, perhaps hundreds, of African Americans buried at Pioneers and Soldiers.</p><br>
<p>Almost all the cemetery&#39;s remains belong to early residents of Minneapolis, many of them immigrants of humble means. Some headstones are carved in Swedish and German. A striking feature of the cemetery is the absence of large monuments; only a relative handful stand as high as 5 ft. Many headstones are tilted, missing, or broken, and some have been crudely patched together.</p><br>
<p>The headstones of old cemeteries often hint at sad stories—epidemics, industrial accidents, child mortality. Such stories are hard to find at Pioneers and Soldiers because so few markers can be read; most are marble, effaced long ago by time and the elements.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 Susan Hunter Weir published a history of the cemetery in Hennepin History magazine, based in part on its paper records. She uncovered many touching stories: August Smith and Ole Shay, workers killed in the Washburn A Mill explosion of 1878; Harry T. Hayward, hanged for the 1894 murder-for-hire of Kitty Ging; 25 infants from the Cody Hospital, a so-called "baby farm", who died there in 1908 and 1909.</p><br>
<p>Weir also compiled some compelling statistics. Over half of the graves belong to children under the age of ten. A majority of all the burials resulted from communicable diseases that rarely kill people in the 21st century. Some 800 died from accidents (more than a hundred in railroad accidents) or homicide, and another 150 by their own hands. The cemetery silently testifies: life in Minneapolis was shorter, harder, and more uncertain a century and more ago.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>The last known burial at Pioneers and Soldiers Cemetery took place in 1999. Though the cemetery is located in the middle of a busy, heavily trafficked neighborhood, the grounds are quiet. The low headstones, many unmarked graves, and tall trees give the place an open and park-like feel. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The Friends of Minneapolis Pioneers and Soldiers Memorial Cemetery maintains a searchable online database of burials.</p><br>
<p>The Astor House, at 822 12th St. in Golden, Colorado, is a historic stone hotel from the earliest years of Golden, Colorado, United States. It was built in 1867. It has also been known as the Astor House Hotel, Castle Rock House, Hotel Boston and the Astor House Hotel Museum.</p><br>
<p>Associated with prominent area pioneers, it was also a pioneering effort in historic preservation in the region in 1972. It was the second site of Jefferson County, Colorado listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in 1973.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story building built from hand-cut sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Astor House was originally built in 1867 by Seth Lake, a pioneer hotelkeeper who came to the area in 1860 and had owned and operated the Green Mountain House at East Pleasant View, Colorado, Buckeye Hotel at Apex, and Two Mile House in Golden Gate Canyon. An upgrade from his original Lake House hotel on the site, it was carved of sandstone quarried by Charles R. Foreman & Co. at the far west end of 12th Street, upon which the hotel stands. The hotel was constructed by Ernst Osterberg. The premier hostelry of Golden, it served patrons from miners to Territorial legislators and Supreme Court officials, who met nearby in the Loveland Block and Coors Building. Run by Seth and Charlotte Lake into their 70s, the Astor House was Golden&#39;s only known hotel not to have served alcohol, as the devout Baptist deacon Seth was a temperance man who would not allow it on his premises. Later, the hotel was owned by German immigrant Ida Goetze. It gradually faded from hotel to boarding house, and was altered by four fires and repaired to its present appearance.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1971, the property was acquired by the Golden Downtown Improvement District to be destroyed for a parking lot, a fate befalling a number of Goldens landmarks, including the church Lake had faithfully served. City Councilor Ruben Hartmeister raised concerns about whether a place of its history should be preserved. Standing alone, he was not initially listened to, but Goldens modern historic preservation movement was born. Citizens rallied to the aid of the Astor House and formed the Golden Landmarks Association to try to save it. On June 13, 1972, Golden&#39;s people voted to save it, with 69% voting in favor. Afterward, it became the Astor House Hotel Museum, depicting life in the hotel, Golden and Colorado in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Hanna–Honeycomb House, also known as simply the Hanna House, located on the Stanford University campus in Stanford, California, United States, was Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s first work in the Bay Area and his first work with non-rectangular structures. The house was chosen by the American Institute of Architects as one of seventeen buildings by the architect to be retained as an example of his contribution to American culture. It was recognized as a National Historic Landmark on June 29, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Hanna house, maintained by Stanford University, is called Honeycomb House because the Usonian structures plan is fashioned on a hexagonal unit system, a module that replaced the octagon as Wrights favorite from this time on. — William Allin Storrer</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Begun in 1937 and expanded over 25 years, this is the first and best example of Wrights innovative hexagonal design. A Usonian home patterned after the honeycomb of a bee, the 3,570 square foot house incorporates six-sided figures with 120-degree angles in its plan, in its numerous tiled terraces, and even in built-in furnishings. In American National Bibliography Frederick Ivor-Campbell wrote "(the) Honeycomb House showed how Wrights system of Polygonal modules could provide the openness that he associated with freedom of movement while gracefully integrating the house with its sloping topography. The hexagonal modules of the floor plan gave the appearance of a honeycomb; hence the name of the house." There are no right angles on the floor plan.</p><br>
<p>The Hanna-Honeycomb house was designed for Professor Paul Robert Hanna (1902–1988), and his wife, Jean Shuman Hanna (1902–1987), both well-known educators and for many years associated with Stanford University. The project was begun while they were a young married couple with three children. The home thus had four bedrooms and three bathrooms. In the years following the departure of the children, the house was expanded and modified (with Wright&#39;s assistance) as the professional and personal needs of the Hannas changed.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and restoration</h2><br>
<p>The construction process was not without difficulty. Wright&#39;s initial plans called for flat terrain, but the lot the Hannas purchased was hilly. Cost overruns meant that the original $15,000 price tag ballooned to over $37,000 ($ adjusted for inflation). Additionally, the Hannas discovered that their lot encompassed a portion of the San Andreas Fault. Wright, whose Imperial Hotel had survived the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, was undaunted. Unfortunately, the home was severely damaged by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Although that branch of the fault was inactive during the quake, the foundation and chimney were essentially unreinforced and likely would have collapsed if the earthquake had lasted longer. A major 10-year restoration was completed in April 1999, this time with seismic reinforcement.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The house is one-story high with a central clerestory (an outside wall of a room or building that rises above an adjoining roof and contains windows) and is constructed of native redwood board and batten, common wire-cut San Jose brick, concrete and plate glass. The house clings to, and completes the hillside on which it was built as the floor and courtyard levels conform to the slope of this one and one-half acre site. The entire site includes the main house, a guesthouse, hobby shop, storage building, double carport, breezeway, and garden house with pools and water cascade.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>After living in the house for 38 years, the Hannas gave the property to Stanford University in 1974, to house scholars in international education, instead, it housed four university provosts.</p><br>
<p>It is open for tours by reservation only. It is occasionally used for university functions such as seminars and receptions.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior picture gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Hotel De Anza is a historic hotel in San Jose, California. At ten stories, it once was the tallest hotel in the San Jose central business district, prior to the construction of Hilton, Fairmont, and Marriott hotels. Significant for its architectural style, it is one of San Jose&#39;s few Zig Zag Moderne  buildings. The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 21, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The De Anza Hotel was funded by the local business community, united in an organization called the San Jose Community Hotel Corporation. The hotel took three years of planning by this group and stock subscriptions were obtained from more than 200 local citizens. Architect W. H. Weeks was the buildings designer and Carl Swenson was the contractor. Local business leaders emphasized that the hotel would benefit San Jose and that the modern accommodations would help attract conventions to the area. Groundbreaking occurred on February 27, 1931, and was presided over by the corporation president, Alexander Hart, and many of San Joses most prominent citizens and businessmen. It was originally planned to be called "The San Jose Hotel", but instead it was changed to be named after explorer Juan Bautista de Anza.</p><br>
<p>The facade features a 10-story central section flanked by a 9-story section on either side. These massings along with the buildings zigzag parapet give it a stepped appearance. The first and second stories of the building house its lobby and mezzanine. Fenestration consists mostly of simple sash, double-hung windows except for the second level of the facade, which is highlighted by a band of 12 arched windows. The relief patterns include a string course separating the first and second levels, rosettes on the second level, and an elaborate art deco design through to the final two stories. Some Mayan influences can be seen in the design details of the stepped parapet. On the west elevation is painted "Hotel De Anza" with a diver used to indicate a swimming pool which is at the rear of the building within a small courtyard area. The hotels west wall also features a mural by Jim Miner, "Life Abundant in the Face of Death Imminent", which was completed on August 12, 2016, and is easily visible to motorists along West Santa Clara Street.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the De Anza is distinguished by a main lobby where Art Deco elements are integrated into a predominantly Spanish Colonial Revival decorative scheme. The lobby reaches two stories in height and contains large wooden beams with stenciled colored floral patterns. Major factors of the interior design are the highly detailed wrought iron balconies, the huge wrought iron chandelier and double arch doorways. To one side is a fireplace with a huge canopy that reaches to the ceiling. Interior doors are all distinguished by their colored stenciled floral designs.</p><br>
<p>By the 1970s, the hotel had become run down and was nearly demolished. Instead, the San Jose Redevelopment Agency was able to save the building and arranged for its reconstruction, which cost twenty times its initial construction price. It reopened in 1990, fully restored. It joined the Destination by Hyatt division of Hyatt in 2019.</p><br>
<p>The hotel closed on May 30, 2024, at which point it ceased to be associated with Hyatt. The shuttered hotel was sold in November 2024 for $11.5 million, roughly half of its 2014 value.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew J. Landrum House in Santa Clara, California, was built by Andrew J. Landrum, a prominent Santa Clara pioneer. Constructed in 1875, the house is an example of eclecticism in architectural styles. Landrum combined the then-popular Italianate and Carpenter Gothic styles he found in pattern books, as seen in the corner quoins, the Italianate porch with scroll brackets, gables with cross-bracing and the cruciform interior plan. The two-story wooden residence was built on a T-shaped plan which exhibits crossed, steeply gabled rooflines which are punctuated by a brick chimney and sheathed in wooden shingles.</p><br>
<p>It is said locally that the Landrum House was one of the few buildings in Santa Clara whose chimney did not crumble in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. No major alterations have changed the building over the last 125 years and it remains one of Santa Clara&#39;s oldest and best preserved houses.</p><br>
<p>The Landrum house is located at 1217 Santa Clara St. This is a private residence and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Rodgers Forge is a national historic district southwest of the unincorporated Towson area and county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland, United States, just north of the Baltimore City/County line. It is mostly a residential area, with rowhouses, apartments, single-family dwellings, and a new complex of luxury townhomes. The area also has a small amount of commercial development. It is just south of Towson University. 21212 is the postal code for Rodgers Forge.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, Rodgers Forge gained international attention as the home of Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps. In 2013, Rodgers Forge was ranked by Baltimore Magazine as one of the top neighborhoods in Baltimore County. The magazine also named Rodgers Forge as one of the 10 "best-kept secret neighborhoods" in Baltimore metropolitan area for its "strong public schools, thriving community organizations, and easy access to shopping and entertainment in Baltimore and Towson." Rodgers Forge has also been consistently ranked as one of the safest Baltimore neighborhoods, according to the website and online database NeighborhoodScout. In 2019, Rodgers Forge became the first neighborhood group in Maryland to file to remove racist language from historic deeds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Most of the Rodgers Forge community geographic area, as stated in the Rodgers Forge Community Association, Inc. by-laws, was part of Dumbarton Farm, which as late as 1837 was owned by Johns Hopkins. Hopkins died in August 1837, while Johns Hopkins, known as a benefactor to Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital, was 42 years of age at the time of the elder Hopkins&#39; death. There are some unfounded claims that link the Hopkins benefactor to Dumbarton Farm, while other accounts do not specifically identify the Johns Hopkins.</p><br>
<p>Rodgers Forge takes its name from the blacksmith shop of George Rodgers, built in 1800, that was once on the southeast corner of York Road and Stevenson Lane.—the present day location of an automotive repair garage. The blacksmith shop acquired an additional function as a USA post office, and thus the surrounding area became known as Rodgers Forge. For example, in 1923, was founded as The Rodgers Forge Country Club. The names Rodgers Forge Golf Club and Rodgers Forge Golf Course were also used interchangeably.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, builder James Keelty (Sr.) began work on the Rodgers Forge neighborhood, and constructed over 600 red brick rowhouses until World War II stopped development. After the war, work resumed under the direction of Keeltys two sons James Keelty Jr. and Joseph Keelty. 1,777 homes were completed by 1956. In 1939, the price of a new interior row home was five thousand dollars, with end-of-group homes selling for considerably more. Many of these homes were sold with deeds including covenants that prohibited Black people from living there—with one exception: "No person of any race other than the white race shall use or occupy any building or lot except domestic servants."</p><br>
<p>The latter phase of construction saw the removal of a large hill just to the north of Dunkirk Road (through Murdock and Regester), flattening out to the north much of the original Dumbarton Farm down to subsoil, to accommodate the new row homes and apartments. The lack of topsoil - a frequent complaint of would-be gardeners in the neighborhood - is accounted for by the removal of the hill. During World War II, the neighborhood&#39;s "Victory Gardens" had occupied much of what now comprises Murdock Road, to the north of Dunkirk.</p><br>
<p>Despite the population density of Rodgers Forge, until the early 1960s, just to the west, a small working farm of a few acres with livestock remained at the junction of Stevenson Lane and Bellona Avenue. Just to the north in the same time period, the then operating Maryland and Pennsylvania Railroad, affectionately known as the "Ma & Pa" (handling commuters in its last years on the Maryland section), crossed under Bellona at Armagh Village, the track bordering Stanmore Road to the north, as the line wended eastwards toward Towson, continuing across the future Osler Drive, approximately where the Shepherd Flag Station would have been located. From just south of the old Baltimore County Jail, the Ma & Pa made its way toward York, PA, crossing York Road by trestle, serving both the headquarters of Black & Decker and Bendix Radio on Joppa Road, the latter of which up to the 1960s had as many as 5,000 employees, a surprising number of whom lived in Rodgers Forge, as the development of Dulaney Valley to the north was yet to occur. North of Joppa - north of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church - there was virtually no development save farmland in the Loch Raven watershed, all the way to the Mason and Dixon Line, until Interstate 83 was officially completed in 1960. Also in the 1950s, from Bellona Avenue to Charles Street, a large tract of meadow had extended still, evolving to a retirement facility for a religious order of the Catholic Church in the 1960s, later sold for development.</p><br>
<p>During the 50s, kids were everywhere on bikes; summer nights of sweaty sleep were unbearable in baking-brick-oven row homes, since nobody had air conditioning in either car or home. In the stillness of the days waning heat, an occasional Evening Bat, from the barn at the meadow on Charles Street, might flitter overhead. Chasing lightning bugs filled the evenings with delightful pastime and mosquitoes; during the days, yards filled with fragrant and colorful blooms were inundated with butterflies that had spent their caterpillar-lives gorging in nearby meadows, and there were abundant populations of bees and baby birds to watch and grasshoppers to catch. In 1953, if you were lucky enough to be a kid then, you witnessed with wonderment the unfolding of one of Nature&#39;s extraordinary and mysterious spectaculars - the emergence of Brood X cicadas: "The Great Eastern Brood" - true to its 17-year cyclical mandate. Some parents had been suspicious of the insects as possible vectors of poliomyelitis, finally conquered by the Salk vaccine, announced in March of that year. Admittedly, not everyone (certainly not most adults) enjoys millions of large flying insects clinging to everything in sight - only those with childhood memories of that certain place, at that certain point in time.</p><br>
<p>The postwar expansion of Rodgers Forge owed its genesis, demographics, and character in large part to the residency of a young, upwardly mobile, middle-class mix of blue collar and technical professionals and their burgeoning baby boom families. When the malls finally did come in the mid-1960s with explosive development, as Towson State Teachers College morphed into Towson State College, and St. Joseph Hospital and Greater Baltimore Medical Center consumed vast remaining tracts to the north, all relicts of surrounding rural life and artifacts of the railroad had vanished from Rodgers Forge by 1970.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the entire neighborhood of Rodgers Forge was listed in National Register of Historic Places due to "its unique status as a well-preserved example of early to mid-20th Century community design and architecture."</p><br>
<p>According to the official citation:</p><br>
<p>Today, about 4,000 people live in Rodgers Forge, which is now considered among the Baltimore area&#39;s "most sought after locations for families."</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Charles Adam Fecher, author and editor who is best known for his works about Jacques Maritain and H.L. Mencken; longtime Rodgers Forge resident</p><br>
<p>F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda Fitzgerald, American novelist couple who resided in Rodgers Forge during 1932-1933</p><br>
<p>William J. Frank, member of the Maryland House of Delegates</p><br>
<p>Mary Claire Helldorfer (Elizabeth Chandler), author of New York Times Best Seller Kissed by an Angel</p><br>
<p>Ralph H. Hruban, professor of pathology and oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; a world-renowned expert in the field of pancreatic cancer pathology</p><br>
<p>David H. Hubel, winner of 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries on information processing in the visual system; resident of Rodgers Forge in 1950s</p><br>
<p>Michael Phelps, American competition swimmer and the most decorated Olympian of all time</p><br>
<p>Johnny Unitas, football player; owner of former Golden Arm restaurant in Rodgers Forge</p><br>
<p>Henry N. Wagner, one of the pioneering researchers in nuclear medicine</p><br>
<h2>Schools</h2><br>
<p>Baltimore County Public Schools</p><br>
<p>Rodgers Forge Elementary School</p><br>
<p>Dumbarton Middle School</p><br>
<p>Students in Rodgers Forge are also zoned for nearby Towson High School.</p><br>
<p>Private Schools</p><br>
<p>Dumbarton House, home of the</p><br>
<p>St. Pius X Catholic School</p><br>
<h2>Major Roads</h2><br>
<p>There are several state roads and other major thoroughfares that run through the Rodgers Forge area. These include:</p><br>
<p>Charles Street</p><br>
<p>Bellona Avenue</p><br>
<p>Stevenson Lane</p><br>
<p>York Road</p><br>
<p>The Charles Copeland Morse House was the home of Charles Copeland Morse, founder of the Ferry-Morse Seed Company. It is located in Santa Clara, California, and is a California Historical Landmark , as well as listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This house is a classic Queen Anne Victorian. Rising three stories over a raised basement, the twin gables, witches&#39; hat turret, decorative shingles, trims and stained glass windows all contribute to the grand effect. The entry is distinguished by an ornate front porch. Inside the mansion are rich wood molding, stained glass windows and chandeliers. A unique chandelier is found in the old dining room. This brass fixture came from the family of the founder of the Bank of America, Amadeo Giannini. About 1975, Caroline and Vaughn Nixon bought the house and restored the ornate mansion to its original grandeur.</p><br>
<p>The Morse Mansion, located at 981 Fremont St., presently houses a sorority of Santa Clara University and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Kraus House, also known as the Frank Lloyd Wright House in Ebsworth Park, is a house in Kirkwood, Missouri designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The brick and cypress house was designed and constructed for Russell and Ruth Goetz Kraus, and the initial design was conceived in 1950. Construction continued until at least 1960 and was never formally completed. The owners lived in the house for about 40 years .</p><br>
<p>The house features parallelograms; indeed, the only right angles to be found in the house are located in the bathroom. Even the bed is a parallelogram and sheets must be custom made. The house itself sits on a parallelogram blueprint. The house features a carport, attached shed, and a workroom for Kraus, a glass work artist. Kraus heard of Wrights work and was so excited at the thought of living in a work of art himself, he wrote to Wright, who sent him the plans for his little house&#39;.</p><br>
<p>Before it was built, numerous contractors declined the job as too difficult to construct. Its angles required custom bricks to be made. It was built by a young former Seabee named Lee Patterson.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the house was recognized with listing on the National Register of Historic Places of the National Park Service. Russell Kraus sold the house in 2001 to a non-profit organization formed for the specific purpose of saving it. The title was subsequently transferred to the St. Louis County Parks and Recreation Department, which maintains the 10.5 acre grounds as Ebsworth Park. The house and park are open to the public by appointment only. Tours are available for a small fee.</p><br>
<p>It is located in a "tract of woods and rolling meadowland located on the east side of Ballas Road (120 North Ballas), south of</p><br>
<p>Dougherty Ferry Road at the west edge of Kirkwood, Missouri, a suburban municipality near St. Louis. The house is reached by an 800-foot-long private driveway, which crosses a small branch of Sugar Creek across a small bridge, a non-contributing structure, then winds up a hillside through a deciduous woods. Just short of the crest of the hill, the woods give way to meadow, revealing this unusual house, sitting in the center of a grove of tall, slender persimmon trees. The house, though modest in size, is a masterpiece of geometric design, in Wright&#39;s unique style, using the 60-degree/120-degree parallelogram as the design motif."</p><br>
<p>As of 1996 the house&#39;s cedar roof shakes roof had been replaced by asphalt shingles, and there was a problem of spalling of bricks: "The spalling problems seem to have been due to the nature of the brick, which is unusually hard and dense. The brick is laid in Wrightian fashion, with the vertical joints flush and the horizontal joints deeply raked to accentuate the horizontal lines of the single-story building, with its wide roof overhangs and extended cantilevers."</p><br>
<p>The Westin San Jose, housed in the historic Sainte Claire Hotel, is a six-story landmark hotel in Downtown San Jose, California, United States. Built in 1926, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and one of the city&#39;s most recognized architectural landmarks.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Sainte Claire was designed by the prominent San Francisco architectural firm of Weeks and Day, well noted for both their theater and hotel designs in California. Interior similarities exist between San Jose&#39;s Sainte Claire and the Mark Hopkins Hotel in San Francisco. Renaissance Revival detailing is basically derived from the Italian Renaissance tradition, though there are several references to French, Spanish, and Mediterranean Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>Especially notable are the coffered lobby ceilings designed by the firm for both buildings. The northwest corner is truncated and recessed, forming the corner entrance which faces the intersection of South Market and San Carlos Streets. North and west elevations meet the truncated corner at a 120-degree angle, thus framing the entrance. Tawny brick sheathes the steel-and-concrete frame on floors two through six, and rusticated buff-colored stone faces the ground level. The three-part vertical composition includes the arcaded ground level, a shaft of four stories, and the six floors distinguished by paired windows set in arched frames. Denticular stringcourses separate the first and second floors, the third and fourth floors and the fifth and sixth floors.</p><br>
<p>The hotel lobby remains the most intact interior space within the building. The Patio Room, once the hallmark of the hotel, has been covered over, modernized and combined with the Empire Room. Originally, the open patio room was framed by a Corinthian arcade. A small formal garden and fountain room, the Spartan Room on the second floor has also been modernized. Ceilings in the lobby, Spartan and Empire rooms were hand-painted, but alterations over the years have obliterated the original work. Wood details in the guest rooms and the ornate hand-carved wood doors leading to the retail areas are intact. Many of the rooms have original bathroom fixtures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hotel Sainte Claire enjoyed the status of being the premiere grand hotel in the entire South Peninsula region, and the reputation of having the most elegant accommodations between San Francisco and Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was financed by noted realtor and developer T. S. Montgomery, a prominent citizen of San Jose largely responsible for much of the commercial development in the downtown. In addition to financing such an ambitious project, Montgomery donated to the city a parcel of land across from the hotel for the new civic auditorium, which stands today.</p><br>
<p>After its restoration in the 1990s, it was known as the Hyatt Sainte Claire. In the 2000s, it was renamed the Hotel Sainte Claire. It was renovated and rebranded The Westin San Jose on July 9, 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Liberty/Paramount Theatre was an early movie palace located on West Federal Street and Hazel Avenue in Youngstown, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Detroit architect C. Howard Crane, the theatre opened as the Liberty Theatre on February 11, 1918. The auditorium originally seated 1,700 patrons. The exterior has extensive terra cotta ornamentation, with swags and pilasters. The exterior is an example of the late Neo-classical style popularized by the Ecole des Beaux Arts. The theatre opened as a vaudeville house, and the original operators were C.W. Diebel Associates.</p><br>
<p>In 1922 the McCrory Group acquired 60% of the stock for $209,000. In 1929 Paramount Pictures Corporation purchased the theatre and renamed it the Paramount Theatre. The company spent $200,000 modernizing the building and installing a sound system so the theatre could present the popular new talkies. In 1933 Paramount Pictures went into receivership, but movies by then became the staple of entertainment for the American public. The theatre survived and prospered until the 1960s when, as with so many American cities during that period, the central area of Youngstown went into a sharp decline.</p><br>
<p>The final movie screened was a Bill Cosby film, Let&#39;s Do it Again, in 1976. The theatre was then closed and the building fell into disrepair. Several attempts were made to revive it, but all failed. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 9, 1984, as building #84003776. Ohio One purchased the property 1985 for $26,800. In 1997 Ohio One sold the property on a land contract to Manhattan Theatre Proprietorship. Although the group had the best of intentions, there was no financial plan that could be implemented. On April 21, 2006 Ohio One sold the theatre to Liberty/Paramount Theatre Youngstown, LLC, an investment group led by Grande Venues, Inc. (Mike Novelli, Paul Warshauer and Jon Tharnstrom) of Wheaton, Illinois and USA Parking of Cleveland, (Lou Frangos). The development plan was to restore the theatre on the first floor for theatre and musical events, create a restaurant and cabaret bar in the basement and to create two movie theatres in the balcony. The plan to restore the theatre fell through. It has since been purchased by the city and is slated for demolition.</p><br>
<p>In July 2011, the city of Youngstown received a $803,490 grant for demolition of the theater. The preservation of the facade would have cost an additional $1 million, with no guarantee of success. So, after years of neglect and unrealized attempts at preservation, demolition of the Liberty Theater began in early July 2013. Preliminary work began July 1, with demolition beginning on July 8. Baumann Enterprises Inc. was hired for the $721,000 demolition project. The site is slated to become a parking lot.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Historic District of San Jose, California is a designated USA Historic District area of the city roughly the size of one square block. It is bounded by S. First Street to the west, E. San Fernando Street to the south, S. Third Street to the east, and E. Santa Clara Street to the north, but also includes the south side of E. Santa Clara Street between Third and Fourth Streets.</p><br>
<h2>Introduction</h2><br>
<p>As Santa Clara Valleys mercantile and financial center for the past 100 years, San Joses downtown historic commercial district is significant both from a historic and an architectural perspective. The downtown commercial district retains the highest concentration of older buildings in the downtown, which reflects the best examples of architecture from almost every period in the growth of the city. It is the prime example in Santa Clara County in its broad representation of historic California commercial architecture.</p><br>
<p>The district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places and contains buildings of six different architectural styles: Italianate, Romanesque Revival, Victorian, Edwardian, Neoclassical, Mission Revival, and Spanish Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Soon after the Mexican–American War, the city was surveyed first by Thomas Campbell in 1847 and later by Chester Lyman, in 1848, following the standard grid street pattern utilizing traditional Spanish pathways. This street pattern has remained virtually unaltered to this day. The development of American commercial areas in San Jose extended into this newly surveyed area, just east of the original pueblo site of 1797 (relocated from the 1777 site after major flooding).</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s and mid-1880s, the heart of downtown commercial activity had moved northward along Market Street (immediately west of First Street and part of the Pueblo) to the Santa Clara Street intersection. However, by the latter part of the 1880s, Santa Clara and First Streets became the new focus for downtown business activity. The early horse-drawn railway systems reinforced the importance of this intersection with single and, later, double tracks located along both streets.</p><br>
<p>During this period, Italianate and Romanesque Revival styles dominated. This was a group of buildings designed by the finest local architects and built by the leading citizens of the time: James D. Phelan, F. Sourisseau, C. T. Ryland, Martin Murphy&#39;s descendants and the Auzerais family. Buildings such as the Knox-Goodrich Building at 34 South First Street, with its extreme rustication, reflect the qualities of the wealthy, orchard oriented, agricultural community of the turn-of-the-century.</p><br>
<p>Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Edwardian and Neoclassical commercial buildings replaced the damaged Victorian and Romanesque businesses. In addition, Mission Revival, California&#39;s first indigenous architecture, dominated smaller commercial architecture. Spanish Colonial Revival also provided California with a new historic architectural mode.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s, modernization and further consolidation characterized the downtown core. New growth patterns to the west and south of the center of the city changed the commercial desirability of the downtown core area of San Jose. New construction was virtually nonexistent until the government sponsored redevelopment programs of the 1960s began razing of entire center city blocks for planned new development.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural landmarks</h2><br>
<h3>Late 19th-century buildings</h3><br>
<p>Knox-Goodrich Building, 1889</p><br>
<p>La Rosa Pharmacy, 1870</p><br>
<p>Letitia Building, 1890</p><br>
<p>Oddfellows Building, 1883 (Italianate)</p><br>
<p>Security Building, 1892 (Romanesque Revival)</p><br>
<h3>Early 20th century</h3><br>
<p>Landmark Square, 1907</p><br>
<p>Bank of America building, 1926 – San Jose&#39;s first skyscraper, at fourteen stories</p><br>
<p>Jose Theater (Mission Revival)</p><br>
<p>"El Paseo" shopping block, 1920s (Spanish Colonial Revival)</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Taylor–Corwin House, also the Falconer Inn, is a Registered Historic Place in Pine Bush, New York. It is located at 112 Maple Street , a few houses south of its intersection with NY 52.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was one of the earliest houses built in what is today Pine Bush, around 1840. Architecturally, it was built in the then-popular Greek Revival style, with some touches of Colonial Revival. In 1871, James Taylor, the local merchant who originally built the house, sold it to farmer John Corwin. Eleven years later, he in turn sold it to Amanda Falconer, who turned it into an inn. It became popular with travelers on the Crawford Railroad, which terminated at Pine Bush, as a place from which they could take in the scenery of the nearby Shawangunk Ridge.</p><br>
<p>Since the demise of the railroad, it has since returned to its original status as a private home. It was added to the National Register in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Sonoma Developmental Center  was a large state school in California, United States for people with developmental disabilities, and is located in Eldridge in Sonoma County. Former names for this hospital include California Home for the Care and Training of Feeble Minded Children ; Sonoma State Home ; Sonoma State Hospital ; and Sonoma Developmental Center starting in 1986. The center closed on 31 December 2018.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding</h3><br>
<p>It opened at its current location on November 24, 1891, though it had existed at previous locations in White Sulphur Springs near Vallejo starting in 1883; a location in Fasking Park in Alameda County; and another location in Santa Clara (near the intersection of Market and Washington Street) from 1885 to 1891.</p><br>
<p>Dozens died at this hospital in an outbreak of Spanish influenza in 1918.</p><br>
<h3>Involuntary sterilization</h3><br>
<p>California was the third state to pass a compulsory sterilization law in 1909. F.O. Butler was the superintendent of Sonoma State home starting in 1918. He believed that sterilization benefited both the individuals and society as a whole, Both through public promotion and actual operations, he was largely responsible for thousands of sterilizations. He himself is estimated to have performed at least 1000 sterilizations throughout his career. During his time as superintendent, Sonoma acted as a kind of "revolving operating room." In an attempt to expand beyond the institution (and get around a legal loophole), Sonoma admitted patients solely for the purpose to be sterilized and then released. According to a study conducted by Paul Popenoe, between the years 1922–1925, 25% of those females sterilized fell into this category. This aggressive approach is likely the reason for Sonoma&#39;s comparatively high number of sterilizations. Sonoma was said to have sterilized more "mental defectives" than any other institution in the world.</p><br>
<h3>Human experimentation</h3><br>
<p>Often overlooked, Sonoma conducted dangerous tests and trials on patients into the 1960s. Testing in mental institution alleviated the compensation and consent required for researches. Such treatments, including radiation dosing experiments, resulted in countless injuries and deaths that are still being investigated.</p><br>
<p>A story in the October, 1952 issue of the Sonoma Index-Tribune, described the test of a live polio vaccine on "61 boys and girls (who) took the new vaccine in a glass of chocolate milk… regarding it merely as an extra treat." The Index-Tribune article clarifies that parents of the young subjects had given their permission for the tests.</p><br>
<h3>Abuse in the 1990s through 2010s</h3><br>
<p>In the 1990s, after a teenage boy was found injured and lying in a pool of blood in a shower, a class-action lawsuit resulted in a settlement that stepped up the exodus of residents from developmental centers.</p><br>
<h4>2000 citations</h4><br>
<p>In 2000, state health inspectors accused Sonoma of numerous violations that resulted in deaths. The state Department of Health Services has issued at least 15 citations, carrying penalties totaling $142,800.This includes an incident where a female staff member sexually fondled a male patient, and two instances in which staffers hit residents.</p><br>
<p>Because of the state citations, as well as extensive inspection reports, the federal Health Care Financing Agency refused to recertify the center and moved to cut the flow of $3 million in monthly Medicaid dollars. These violations came less than three years after federal inspectors documented deaths and unsanitary conditions in California&#39;s homes in 1997.</p><br>
<p>One man died of an overdose of anti-depressants in 1999. The coroners could not tell whether the death was a homicide, suicide or accident. The hospital was cited for failure to prevent harm. Another incident was the 1999 death of a woman from toxic levels of opiates.</p><br>
<p>In March 2001, five employees were suspended during an investigation into abuse. One of these abuses were "beat down parties" where employees would choose a resident and assault them. Other cases included staff members humiliating and slapping residents.</p><br>
<p>In August 2001, a new bill required development centers to immediately report all resident "deaths and serious injuries of unknown origin" to their local law enforcement agency. This is after a 1999 investigation by the Index-Tribune found that:In April 2002, Nicholas Turley, a 14 year old, collapsed at Sonoma Developmental Center. He died at the hospital 37 hours later. Chief deputy coroner Will Wallman said toxicology results indicated that Turley died from an overdose of phenobarbital, a barbiturate that is commonly used as a sedative and to control seizures. The lab report showed that Turley&#39;s system had 75 milligrams of phenobarbital per liter of blood—nearly twice as much as what is considered safe. The investigation was closed with no answers.</p><br>
<h4>2012 Taser assaults</h4><br>
<p>In September 2012, the director of Sonoma received an anonymous voicemail saying that a staff member was attacking patients with a stun gun. Archie Millora, who had worked as a psychiatric technical assistant for 14 years, was apprehended the next day with a Taser and a loaded gun in his car. He was placed on administrative leave but not arrested.</p><br>
<p>A subsequent independent probe by the California Department of Public Health reveals that nurses examined and photographed patients in his care. They found suspicious abrasions on "the buttocks, thigh, arm and back" of 12 people. A forensic pathologist concluded that the marks were "strongly suggestive of electrical thermal burns," consistent with a Taser. All of the reported victims have extreme difficulty communicating, but when questioned, one of them uttered the words "stun" and Millora&#39;s name which the incident report identified as "Staff A."</p><br>
<p>He was eventually fired. Court records show in April, Millora pleaded no contest to misdemeanor possession of a loaded firearm. He got probation and a $190 fine in lieu of jail time. But Millora was never charged with the reported stun gun assaults—charges that if convicted, could have given him serious prison time.</p><br>
<h4>2012 sexual assault investigation</h4><br>
<p>A Center for Investigative Reporting investigation in 2012 showed that at least 12 sexual assault reports at Sonoma were not investigated and hospital-supervised rape exams were not conducted in some cases. In one case, the report states, male caregivers were assigned to a patient even after a complaint of abuse by staff while the patient was bathing. In another, a Sonoma caregiver was cleared of assault and went on to molest a second patient. In another, state investigators didnt act on a patients complaint against a staff member. Her pregnancy was overlooked for several months and she eventually gave birth to a child.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the California Department for Public Health announced they were moving to revoke the license of the Sonoma Developmental Center&#39;s Intermediate Care Facility that services 290 residents with intellectual disabilities, and decertifying it from participation in the federal Medicaid program.</p><br>
<p>Terri Delgadillo, director of the state Department of Developmental Services, said, "We have removed the Executive Director and the Clinical Director (of the Sonoma Developmental Center) and taken disciplinary action against several employees, including job terminations."</p><br>
<h4>2013 protests</h4><br>
<p>In the wake of a California state report that confirmed all that was found in previous CIR reports in 2011, advocates for developmentally disabled people gathered in 2013 at the state Capitol to demand that Gov. Jerry Brown take action on the abuse in these facilities.</p><br>
<p>Kimberly Williams, who once lived at Sonoma, said,</p><br>
<p>"It was the worst time of my life. Shut these hellholes down now."</p><br>
<h4>2015 CIR investigation</h4><br>
<p>A 2015 investigation by the Center for Investigative Reporting showed that the five developmental centers in California, also known as state schools, were directly responsible for 13 deaths since 2002, and held responsibility for many more. In October 2005, a staff member found a 25-year-old resident vomiting blood in his bed at the Sonoma Developmental Center. In his vomit, staff found a plastic-handled cotton swab used for dry mouth. They immediately transferred him to an outside hospital. The hospital found other swabs in his mouth, which had punctured his esophagus and aorta.</p><br>
<p>Both the autopsy and the public health department&#39;s investigation suggested that a caregiver left the swabs in his mouth. The autopsy read,The center was fined $90,000. The 12 other citations for facilities found to have caused resident deaths ranged from $22,500 to $80,000.</p><br>
<p>The Sonoma Developmental Center received eight citations linked to deaths of residents, with fines ranging from $1,000 (a resident with hypothermia didn&#39;t get immediate treatment) to $90,000 (the resident who swallowed the cotton swabs).</p><br>
<h4>2015 sex abuse case</h4><br>
<p>In 2015, Rex Bradford Salyer, 63, a former Sonoma Developmental Center psychiatric technician, pleaded no contest Thursday to sexually abusing a disabled female resident over a yearlong period. The abuse started sometime in between his hiring in May 2013 and continued until his arrest on July 4 of 2014. He was found guilty of having sexual intercourse with someone incapable of giving legal consent, two counts of oral copulation and abusing a dependent adult. He was the victim&#39;s direct caregiver. Sayler was sentenced to 7 years in prison.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, the main building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Closure and reuse plan</h2><br>
<p>In 2015, the state announced the closure of SDC by the end of 2018. This meant the relocation of more than 300 residents, and the development of a reuse plan for the property.</p><br>
<p>The October 2017, the Nuns Fire had a dramatic impact on SDC, necessitating a mandatory evacuation of hundreds of residents and staff, and burning the eastern third of the property along California State Route 12. The main area of SDC withstood the fires, and the remaining residents all moved back in; however, the fire forced a major interruption of the State&#39;s site assessment process.</p><br>
<p>In May 2017, the State hired Wallace Roberts & Todd (WRT) to provide architectural and engineering services to prepare "a comprehensive existing conditions study and an opportunities and constraints summary and analysis for SDC."</p><br>
<p>The State incorporated a strong community engagement plan as part of the WRT contract. In order to ensure that the site assessment was based on the best available data—and that the analysis is designed to answer the most pressing concerns of the local community—WRT created an SDC Community Advisory Committee (CAC). This committee is composed of a broad range of local stakeholders, and its purpose is "to provide comments to the WRT team on the Site Assessment findings and to offer input regarding the opportunities and constraints for the SDC site."</p><br>
<p>The first meeting of the CAC was September 28, 2017. Ten days later, the fires raged through the North Bay, and WRT&#39;s goal of producing its reports and holding a series of community meetings by the end of 2017 was lost in the tumult of wildlife disaster response. After a three-month delay, CAC scheduled a meeting with WRT on March 22, 2018. After the cancelled September CAC meeting, WRT had planned to finish the site assessment, presenting the findings one more time to the CAC, and then hold a public meeting in Sonoma where the whole community would be briefed on this critical information.</p><br>
<p>The center officially closed on 31 December 2018.</p><br>
<p>In December 2022, a memorial was dedicated to those who have lived and died at Sonoma. There are over 1,500 people buried in a field on site from 1892 to 1939. There are no headstones or grave markers.</p><br>
<h2>Research resources</h2><br>
<p>The State Archive in Sacramento has extensive holdings on the early history of the Home, including patient registers, photographs, maps, and records. The Gosney Archive at Caltech in Pasadena, CA contains information about sterilization from the 1920s. The SDC does have some historical resources, but these are not open to the general public.</p><br>
<h2>Fictional works</h2><br>
<p>The Center provided the setting for Jack London&#39;s short story Told in the Drooling Ward (1914).</p><br>
<p>Downloadable version of Jack London&#39;s short story Told in the Drooling Ward (1914) with an introduction by Ed Davis</p><br>
<p>The book In All Things: A Return to the Drooling Ward is a fictionalized account based on the author&#39;s experiences while training as a psychiatric technician at the former hospital.</p><br>
<p>Camp Nichols, also known as Fort Nichols or Camp Nichols Ranch, was a short-lived historic fortification located in present-day Cimarron County, Oklahoma, about 3 miles northwest of the community of Wheeless, Oklahoma. It was built by New Mexico and California volunteers under the command of Col. Kit Carson to protect travelers on the most dangerous part of the Cimarron Cut-off of the Santa Fe Trail from raids by the Kiowa and Comanche Indians. Established in May 1865 and abandoned in September 1865, it was the only human-made structure along the Cimarron Cut-off while it was an active route. It is believed to have been named for Captain Charles P. Nichols of the First California Cavalry.</p><br>
<p>The site was about halfway (150 miles) between Fort Union and the Cimarron Crossing of the Arkansas River. The camp was originally a stockaded fort, measuring 200 feet by 200 feet. There were six stone buildings that served as officers quarters, one building that was the quartermasters store and an unknown number of stone walled tents housing the soldiers. The facility was surrounded by earth and stone breastworks. Only ruins remain; much of the stone has been removed by people wishing to use it in building other structures. The site is on private property and is not accessible to the public.</p><br>
<p>Cedar Spring, about 0.25 miles (0.4) km west of the fort, provided fresh water for the camp and for passing wagon trains. The remains of the Cimarron Cutoff are about 0.5 miles south of the camp, and are said to be the most impressive remains of the entire trail.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963 and subsequently listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Towers is a historic structure located at 35 Ocean Road in Narragansett, Rhode Island. It is the only remnant of the Narragansett Pier Casino built in the 1880s. On November 25, 1969, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History (1883–1900)</h2><br>
<p>The Narragansett Pier Casino was the center of social life in Narragansett during the late 19th century. The Narragansett Pier Casino rivaled the Newport Casino’s popularity as a resort for the social elite until it burned to the ground in 1900.</p><br>
<p>Built between 1883 and 1886, the Narragansett Pier Casino was a fine example of Victorian Shingle style architecture (a variation of Queen Anne style architecture in the United States), designed by McKim, Mead, and White. The Casino offered a variety of sports, including boating, tennis, billiards, bowling, cards, and shooting, restaurants, stores, reading rooms, a theater, a bandstand, a ballroom, and a beautiful beach.</p><br>
<p>The Narragansett Pier Casino thrived during the Gilded Age until it burned down during the Great Fire of September 12, 1900. That day, a fire broke out in the neighboring Rockingham Hotel. The flames spread quickly to the Casino, leaving only the granite walls of The Towers standing. More recently Hurricane Sandy has uncovered the foundation and part of the old boardwalk belonging to the old casino that had been buried by sand.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>Today, the Narragansett Towers are the only remaining part of the original Narragansett Pier Casino, having survived a number of fires, nor&#39;easters, and hurricanes. one of the most recognizable landmarks in Narragansett. The Towers currently hosts weddings, dances, dinners, plays, and fashion shows. Its location adjacent to Narragansett town beach makes it an ideal venue for social events.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Many events take place on the land adjacent to The Towers, as well as the land next door, where the Casino once stood, that now includes a lawn and a courtyard with a fountain. Events such as The Blessing of the Fleet road race and festival, local art festivals, the Lighting of the town Christmas tree, and many beautiful weddings.</p><br>
<p>The Casino at the Narragansett Towers is also the location of the first reports of the now-popular seafood dish "clams casino."</p><br>
<p>The Towers can be seen in the background of the Rhode Island–based cartoon Family Guy, episode "Peter&#39;s Got Woods," when Peter rides by on a tandem bicycle with James Woods, both engaged in song.</p><br>
<p>Prospect Hill Historic District is located on a hillside outside of downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. It is part of the Mount Auburn neighborhood of Cincinnati. Prospect Hill is bounded by the following streets, Liberty, Sycamore, Boal and Highland. Prospect Hill is sometimes called locally "Liberty Hill".</p><br>
<p>The District is bordered to the north by the Mount Auburn Historic District and the Pendleton neighborhood of Over-the-Rhine to the south.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The majority of buildings are brick, and the predominant architectural style is Italianate. Dating from the 1860-80 period, this style is characterized by bracketed cornices and round or segmental arched window details. Good examples of earlier Greek Revival style architecture constructed between 1835 and 1860 are also found, predominantly located on the lower streets which developed the earliest. This style utilizes classical details and geometric, symmetrical forms. Examples of the Queen Anne style, which displays a variety of contrasting materials and decorative surface treatments, and the French Second Empire style, which is characterized by a Mansard roof whose slope actually forms part of the front facade, may also be found scattered throughout the district. These styles date from the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>Contributing to the distinct character of Prospect Hill are the street steps, which evolved in response to a hillside environment which did not lend itself to a linear grid plan. Where the terrain was too steep to build roads, stairways and "paper" streets developed. The streets that were built often cut sharply into the hillside, requiring retaining walls along lot fronts. Many of these retaining walls, which are primarily stone, support original iron fences and contribute to the character of the district. Open space between lots reflect the fact that the land was too irregular for construction purposes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The majority of early settlers were veterans of the American Revolutionary War. One of the earliest residents of the hill was Dr. Daniel Drake. He lived in a log cabin while his new home was being built on Third Street.</p><br>
<p>Senator George H. Pendleton also had a house prominently located at 559 Liberty Hill.</p><br>
<p>Sugartown is an unincorporated settlement that is located in central Willistown Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States, at the intersection of Sugartown and Boot Roads. It is situated eighteen miles west of Philadelphia.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town was named after Eli Shugart, a 19th-century tavern keeper. Sugartown is a typical crossroads village that provides goods and services to the surrounding farm community. It played an important part in the development of Willistown and contains an inn, general store, blacksmith and wheelwright, cabinetmaker, saddler, shoemaker and a doctor.</p><br>
<p>The Sugartown Historic District is a national historic district that encompasses fourteen contributing buildings. It includes the Sign of the Spread Eagle tavern, the Sugartown Store (c. 1800) and residence (1860), the Willistown Township Building (1909), "Coxefield" (c. 1790), a shoemakers shop (c. 1790), the Sugartown School (1866), the Friends school (1782–1783, 1862), and a schoolmasters house (1785).</p><br>
<p>Waller Hall is a building on the campus of Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, in the United States. Opened in 1867 as University Hall, it is the oldest higher-education building west of the Mississippi River still in use, currently housing the university&#39;s administrative offices.</p><br>
<p>Built in the Renaissance style of architecture, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The building has been gutted twice by fires with the interior rebuilt each time, and went through renovations in 1987 to 1989 and again in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>Due to a variety of factors, including the deterioration of the main campus building dating from 1844 and the need for additional space, the university considered building a new building designed specifically for the university beginning in the 1850s. Then on October 3, 1860, the board of trustees for the school resolved to begin the process of building a new primary hall to be used by the university. Reverend Alvin F. Waller was placed in charge of the efforts to raise the funds needed for a building. However, this was unsuccessful and on November 19, 1862, the board again passed a resolution calling for a new structure and forming a committee of Waller, Gustavus Hines, Josiah Lamberson Parrish, J. Lamson, and John H. Moores to prepare plans.</p><br>
<p>On December 2, the trustees authorized subscriptions to be solicited and paid to Waller with a goal of $20,000. Several designs were then considered for the new building, and on February 22, 1864, by a vote of 16 to 1 the board selected the final plan that called for a brick building with a stone foundation. The foundation was to rise to a level 3 ft above the ground to prevent moisture from the ground seeping into the bricks.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Construction of the new building began in February 1864 with excavation of the basement. Then on July 24, the cornerstone of the building was laid into place in a ceremony. This ceremony included a time capsule and a speech by Governor A. C. Gibbs.</p><br>
<p>All of the bricks used in the construction were fired on campus using clay excavated from the construction site in order to build the foundation. Construction was completed in 1867 and the building was named University Hall. The school "marched" from the old school building to the new and began using it on October 21, 1867.</p><br>
<p>Total costs for the building were $40,000 at occupation with a need for approximately an additional $17,000 to finish and furnish the building.</p><br>
<h3>Later years</h3><br>
<p>The old school building, the Oregon Institute, burned down in December 1872 leaving University Hall as the only building on campus. As a result, all departments were housed in the building including the College of Law from 1884 to 1923 when it moved to Eaton Hall and the Medical School from 1867 until 1880 when it moved to Portland. University Hall remained the only permanent campus building from 1872 when the Oregon Institute building burned down until 1906 when the Medical Building (now Art Building) was built. Other school buildings such as the first Lausanne Hall were located off campus.</p><br>
<p>On September 16, 1891, University Hall, the schools first brick building, caught on fire. As a result of the fire the top two floors of the building as well as the roof were destroyed. The building was then re-built after the 1891 fire, but unlike the original plans it was constructed with a Mansard style roof. Additionally, a square tower was also built on top in lieu of the original cupola which included a school bell. From its construction until 1987, Waller Hall was used as an academic hall and hosted classes along with housing the schools chapel and as offices for the faculty.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, Willamette renamed the building in honor of the Reverend Alvan (Alvin) F. Waller who was instrumental in getting the hall built. A campaign launched in 1920 by the university was set to raise $100,000 to be used for the reconstruction of Waller, plus completing the new Lausanne Hall and adding a central heating plant.</p><br>
<p>There was some discussion of demolishing the hall in the 1980s after the structure had become dilapidated. These renovations also turned the attic into an office suite for the school&#39;s president. After renovations in 1988 the building was used for university administration offices. Further renovations were completed in 2005 at a cost of $1.3 million for upgrading the 100-year-old windows to newer energy efficient models, repairing the brick, fixing leaks, installing skylights, re-painting, and slightly lightening the exterior red-brick coloring.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Waller Hall was built in the Renaissance style of architecture. This red brick building was designed in the same proportions as a Greek cross. Bishop Janes was responsible for proposing this use of the cross shape for the building. Each of the two wings is 84 ft long and 44 ft wide with aedicule porches on the west, east, and north ends of the building. Originally, the building was 100 ft tall as measured from the base of the building to the top of the dome. The distance from the eaves of the structure to the base is 50 ft. The basement of the building is 12 ft high and the first floor 16 ft high. The foundation is made of stone and the roof has composition shingles. Both the second and third floors are 12 ft tall. The hall has a cupola topping the structure. Other details include pilasters, dentils, and brick corbelling on the exterior and circular stairways on the interior.</p><br>
<h2>Currently</h2><br>
<p>Waller Hall houses alumni relations, the schools business office, human resources for the university, the office of communications, university relations, the Presidents office, and other administrative functions. Additionally, Cone Chapel is on the building&#39;s second floor and seats 300. Cone Chapel features over a dozen stained glass windows and a classic pipe organ. The chapel is occasionally used for commencement ceremonies, lectures, and concerts at the school. Waller Hall sits in the north central part of campus directly opposite of the Oregon State Capitol. The structure is the oldest university building west of the Mississippi River still in use in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, during the universitys sesquicentennial, the United States Postal Service issued a postal card that featured an image of Waller Hall. Featuring a watercolor painting by George C. Warner of Eugene, Oregon, these 19 cent postcards were part of the Postal Services Historic Preservation Series.</p><br>
<h2>Timeline</h2><br>
<p>The Yung See San Fong House, or "Young&#39;s Home in the Heart of the Hills", is a house in Los Gatos in the USA state of California. It is a combination of Asian decorative motifs and pagoda roofs together with Western massing and layout. It was completed in 1917 for Ruth Comfort Mitchell Young, a writer, and her husband, Sanborn Young, a gentleman farmer, conservationist and later California State Senator. The house is now a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ruth had spent summers in Los Gatos, where her parents and grandparents had summer homes. In 1916 the Youngs started building Yung See San Fong on property granted to them by her parents. Earlier that year, her play The Sweetmeat Game opened at the Palace Theatre on Broadway starring Olive Wyndham. With a Chinese setting the successful play toured the Orpheum circuit around the country for two years.</p><br>
<p>Chinese traditions were adhered to as exemplified by the winding road, which was supposed to deter the devil from finding the house. A statue of the Chinese God of Rice and Plenty still greets visitors at the main gate.</p><br>
<p>Materials used in the house&#39;s construction include stucco, wooden shake shingles, and board and batten siding. The interior has hand-carved wooden panels with Chinese characters. The rooms were furnished with Chinoiserie hand-carved teak tables and chairs, prints, embroideries, and works of art. The dining room, which was screened in the summer and had glass windows in the winter, had woven sea grass seat furniture, which was stylish for the time.</p><br>
<p>Yung See San Fong was basically a self-sustaining farm where vegetables and poultry were raised. In an interview, Young stated, "We raise everything we eat but the staple groceries and the." A Chinese man named Gin directed the household until the late 1920s. His activities included cooking the meals, planting the gardens, milking the cows, and assisting with the interior decoration.</p><br>
<p>As the Youngs were prominent politically and civically, many well-known people visited here, including President Herbert Hoover, who lived in nearby Palo Alto. Others included movie stars Joan and Constance Bennett, and Senator James D. Phelan, former Mayor of San Francisco.</p><br>
<p>Le Petit Trianon is a historic mansion on the grounds of De Anza College at 21250 Stevens Creek Blvd. in Cupertino, California. The building now serves as the California History Center.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1892 for Charles A. Baldwin and his wife Ellen Hobart Baldwin, the mansion was once the center of their successful wine-producing estate where the couple was known to entertain lavishly. Baldwin installed a massive stone winery; built underground cellars (today part of the De Anza College grounds) and planted vines from Bordeaux and other regions of France. Under the label Beaulieu, Baldwin&#39;s wines were sold in New York City, London and Central America.</p><br>
<p>The design for Le Petit Trianon was drawn from classical French architectural motifs popular in America at the end of the 19th century. It is also the only example of "V" rustic redwood construction remaining in the area. The name Le Petit Trianon stems from its similarities to the architecture of the Grand Trianon, built for Louis XIV of France. Similar detail to this French precedent can be seen in Le Petit Trianon&#39;s columns, pilasters, windows and wood window shutters.</p><br>
<p>In 1909, the mansion was sold to Harriett Pullman Carolan, daughter of George Pullman, inventor of the Pullman sleeping car. Carolan also found the home a wonderful setting for elaborate social functions. In 1940, the house was sold to E. F. Euphrat, owner of the Pacific Can Company. Since 1965, the estate has been the site of De Anza College. Remnants of the garden remain; the winery is still there, as are the guest cottages.</p><br>
<p>The college district planned to demolish the house in 1968, but decided not to after protests by local historians. After its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, grant money for restoration was received, and the house was moved twice – first to make room for the Flint Center (theater) and next yielding to a parking lot. A restoration of the mansion was completed in 1982, and the house now serves as the California History Center.</p><br>
<h2>California History Center</h2><br>
<p>The California History Center focuses on state history and the region. The center offers public exhibits, lectures and workshops. Classes are given with De Anza College.</p><br>
<p>The centers Stocklmeir Library and Archives features a collection of materials on California history and Santa Clara Valleys development, including student research papers, books, journals, oral histories, photographs, manuscripts, newsletters, clippings and pamphlets. Materials must be used on site.</p><br>
<p>The Dock Street Theatre is a theater in the historic French Quarter neighborhood of downtown Charleston, South Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The structure, which was built as a hotel in 1809 and converted to a theater in 1935, occupies the site of the first building in the Thirteen Colonies designed for use as a theater. It has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1973.</p><br>
<p>On February 12, 1736 the original Dock Street Theatre opened with a performance of George Farquhar&#39;s play The Recruiting Officer. Built on the corner of Church Street and Dock Street (now known as Queen Street), the Historic Dock Street Theatre was the first building in America built exclusively to be used for theatrical performances. Flora, the first opera performance in America, took place at the Historic Dock Street Theatre.</p><br>
<h3>1740 Rebuilding</h3><br>
<p>The original Dock Street Theatre was probably destroyed by the Great Fire of 1740 which destroyed many of the buildings in Charlestons French Quarter. In 1809, the current building was built on the site as the Planters Hotel and in 1835 the wrought iron balcony and sandstone columns of the Church Street facade were added. A number of notable persons worked and patronized the Planters Hotel including the noted 19th Century actor Junius Brutus Booth (father of actors Edwin and John Wilkes Booth). African-American Civil War naval hero and USA Congressman Robert Smalls, who stole a steamboat in the harbor and sailed it out past the Confederate held Fort Sumter and turned it over to the blockading Union Fleet, served as a waiter in the hotels dining room before the war. Charlestons famed Planters Punch was first introduced here.</p><br>
<h3>1935 Renovations</h3><br>
<p>After the Civil War, the Planters Hotel fell into disrepair and was slated for demolition. However, in 1935, at the height of the Great Depression, after Milton Pearlstine made the property available to the City of Charleston and at the urging of Mayor Burnet Maybank and other notable citizens, the original building became a Works Progress Administration project. At that time, the present theatre was constructed within the shell of the Planters Hotel. The hotels grand foyer became the grand foyer of the theatre, and the hotels dining room now serves as the box-office lobby. Douglas Ellington served as the architectural advisor for the project; Charleston architects Simons & Lapham then supervised the daily work while Ellington was in Washington, D.C. The woodwork and mantels of the second floor drawing room were salvaged from the Radcliffe-King Mansion (circa 1799), which stood at the corner of George and Meeting streets and was razed to build the College of Charleston gymnasium, another WPA project. Modeled on 18th century London playhouses by Charleston architect and pioneering preservationist Albert Simons, the present Dock Street Theatres stage house and auditorium were built in the hotels courtyard. The local carpenters, who were put to work as a part of this Depression-era relief effort, used locally grown and milled native black cypress for the wooden interior. Following this $350,000 renovation, The Historic Dock Street Theatre&#39;s second grand opening took place on November 26, 1937. Notables in the audience included author DuBose Heyward (Porgy), who was named writer-in-residence.</p><br>
<h3>2010 Renovations</h3><br>
<p>The Historic Dock Street Theatre reopened for the third time on March 18, 2010 after a three-year, $19 million renovation by the City of Charleston. This extensive full-scale renovation brought the historic theatre into the 21st century with state-of-the-art lighting and sound, modern heating and air conditioning, and new restrooms and seating. In addition the theatre was made seismically secure and fully handicapped accessible. Extensive sound-proofing was added to ensure that outside noises no longer intruded on performances inside.</p><br>
<p>Now owned and managed by the City of Charleston, The Historic Dock Street Theatre is home to many of the City&#39;s cultural institutions including Spoleto Festival USA. Charleston Stage, which became the resident professional theatre at the Dock Street Theatre in 1978, produces over 120 performances each season and plays to more than 40,000 patrons annually. In addition more than 15,000 South Carolina students enjoy special school day performances offered by Charleston Stage each year at the Historic Dock Street Theatre.</p><br>
<p>The Picchetti Winery, also known as the Picchetti Ranch, is a winery located at 13100 Montebello Road in Cupertino, California in the Picchetti Ranch Open Space Preserve. The Picchetti brothers, Secondo and Vincenzo, for whom the ranch was named, were among the earliest settlers to plant grapes on this ridge, which they named "Monte Bello" or "beautiful mountain." This ridge was later to become one of Santa Clara County&#39;s important vineyard areas.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The complex is composed of seven buildings built between 1880 and 1920, which retain their original design details. Vincenzo and Secondo Picchetti settled on Montebello ridge in 1877 and purchased an initial 160 acre for $1,500. The ranch expanded to 500 acre by 1904. The first house on the property was built around 1882, followed by a larger residence in 1886. Both homes, plus the stone winery, were in the Picchetti family until 1976.</p><br>
<p>The first grapes planted were Zinfandel, Carignane and Petite Sirah. At first, the brothers only sold the grapes to local wineries, but in 1896 they decided to make their own wine, becoming one of the early wineries in California (California Bonded Winery number 148).</p><br>
<p>Instrumental in establishing the Montebello School in 1892, Vincenzo served on the first school board and supplied a room for a teacher at his ranch. Vineyards were the life blood of the town of Cupertino&#39;s early economy, although grape parasites destroyed many of the vines in the region in the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Upon Vincenzo&#39;s death in 1904, sons Antone and John ran the winery and ranch. The front porch of the main house was once screened in and acted as an aviary. Later John had numerous aviaries built - one of those aviaries still stands in front of the homestead house.</p><br>
<p>Commercial wine production ceased in 1963 due to a lack of profitability, and much of the land was sold to the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District. The Santa Clara County Historical Heritage Commission provided funding for the restoration of the winery building. The land produced wine from 1982 to 1998 as Sunrise Winery. The film Blood Red (1989), starring Dennis Hopper and young Julia Roberts was filmed at the winery.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, Leslie Pantling took over the winery and production has resumed to the tune of about 9,000 cases per year under the "Leslie&#39;s Estate" label.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Picchetti ranch and winery on Montebello Road remain as evidence of a thriving viticulture industry in early Cupertino.</p><br>
<h2>Picchetti Ranch Open Space Preserve</h2><br>
<p>The 308 acre Picchetti Ranch Open Space Preserve was acquired by the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District in 1976. The winery is leased back to a private party. The preserve is partially surrounded by Stevens Creek County Park, and features 3.7 mi of trails restricted to pedestrians and horses.</p><br>
<p>The Mountain Winery, formerly the Paul Masson Mountain Winery, is a winery in Saratoga, California, United States, North America. It was founded by Paul Masson, a pioneer of the California wine industry. The winery became famous for its slogan, voiced by Orson Welles in television commercials: "We will sell no wine before its time."</p><br>
<p>The winery is a California Historical Landmark (#733) and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Masson originally worked for Charles Lefranc, one of a number of French immigrants who had expanded the viticulture introduced into the Santa Clara Valley by the Catholic mission fathers. After Lefrancs death in 1887, Masson had a short-lived partnership with Lefrancs son Henry. Masson bought out Henry&#39;s share in the Almaden Vineyards and in 1892, Masson introduced his first sparkling wine at Almaden, and he eventually became known as the "Champagne King of California".</p><br>
<h3>Early 20th century</h3><br>
<p>In 1901, Masson purchased the Saratoga property. He later centered his sparkling wine production here in Saratoga while other wines were developed at the Almaden operation.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, on a knoll above the winery, Masson built his house, dubbed "The Chateau", where he developed a reputation as an unrivaled host. His wife Louise Masson was a prohibitionist and did not attend the lavish dinner parties held at The Chateau. Masson weathered the strains Prohibition placed on the wine industry by selling grapes to the wholesale market and by receiving a special dispensation to sell sacramental wines.</p><br>
<p>After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, Masson had the sandstone winery rebuilt using sandstone blocks from the Saratoga Wine Companys building on Big Basin Way, which had also been destroyed. At the same time, the ancient entrance portal from St. Patricks Church in San Jose, another structure claimed by the quake, was added to the structure.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>In 1952, wine making ceased. A series of concerts began six years later, in 1958. These concerts featured famous performers such as Ella Fitzgerald, Tony Bennett, Aimee Mann, Ringo Starr, Stevie Wonder, Ray Charles, The Beach Boys, Santana, Airto Moreira, and Flora Purim.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a famous chess tournament was held annually on the grounds of the winery, becoming a regional fixture during the early years of Silicon Valley.</p><br>
<p>Around 2000, the owners hired winemaker Jeffrey Patterson to restart winemaking at the site. The vineyards were reestablished at the Mountain Winery in 2004.</p><br>
<p>On August 19, 2010, during a concert featuring folk band The Swell Season, a concert attendee leapt to his death from the roof of the venue onto the stage. The death was deemed a suicide.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the concert series was produced in affiliation with Live Nation for the last time. Since 2012, each season of the concert series has been produced by AEG Live.</p><br>
<p>The Byron Howes House  is a historic house located at 718 Vermillion Street in Hastings, Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1868 in the Italianate style by Byron Howes, an early resident of Hastings. The Italianate style was being popularized by Andrew Jackson Downing around the time. Byron Howes helped to establish two banks, one in Hastings and one in St. Paul. He also served as a deputy county treasurer and held other public offices in Hastings.</p><br>
<p>The house was later purchased by Wendel Graus, a businessman involved in hardware and lumber businesses. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Haas–Lilienthal House is a historic building located at 2007 Franklin Street in San Francisco, California, United States, within the Pacific Heights neighborhood. Built in 1886 for William and Bertha Haas, it survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fire. The Victorian era house is a San Francisco Designated Landmark and is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places. It was converted into a museum with period furniture and artifacts, which as of 2016 received over 6,500 visitors annually.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The House was built for merchant William Haas (brother of Abraham Haas), his wife Bertha Greenebaum, and their children Florine, Charles Williams and Alice. William Haas (1849–1916) was born in Reckendorf, Bavaria from a Jewish family and came to San Francisco in October 1868, rapidly establishing himself as a successful businessman. In 1880 he married Bertha Greenebaum (1861–1927), whose father Herman, owner of a prosperous mercantile company in California, was also from Bavaria. Well integrated within the affluent local Bavarian Jewish community, the couple lived in a number of different residences after their marriage before finally building a grand mansion for themselves and their children. Haas entrusted Bavarian architect Peter R. Schmidt and contractors McCann & Biddell to build his home in 1886.</p><br>
<p>The house withstood the 1906 earthquake with only slight damage.</p><br>
<p>The 1928 addition — living quarters over a garage — were built by architect Gardner Dailey to provide needed space for the additions to the family.</p><br>
<p>Three generations of Haas and Lilienthal descendants lived at 2007 Franklin Street. In 1972 Alice Haas-Lilienthal died, after having resided in the house for nearly eighty years; the following year, her children donated the mansion to the Foundation for San Francisco&#39;s Architectural Heritage (later known as San Francisco Heritage or SF Heritage), a non-profit organization.</p><br>
<p>The Haas–Lilienthal House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1973, and designated as a San Francisco Landmark on January 4, 1975. In 2012 it was named a National Treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h3>Haas–Lilienthal House Museum</h3><br>
<p>In 1972, the Haas–Lilienthal House was opened to the public for tours. It is the only intact Victorian private home in the city that is open regularly as a museum, complete with original furniture and artifacts. Volunteer docents lead tours of the house which begin in the basement ballroom. The first floor, and the original principal bedchamber, one other bedchamber, a nursery, and one bathroom on the second floor are included in the house tour. The third story, or attic, which contained a spacious redwood-paneled playroom, gym, storage room, and servants’ quarters for the cook and maids, now serve as Heritage offices, as well as the residence of the house manager. The 1928 living quarters addition over the garage is a residence.</p><br>
<p>In November 2023, citing financial difficulties, SF Heritage closed the museum and terminated three of its four employees, envisaged a reopening for spring 2024.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in the Victorian Queen Anne - Eastlake style. Built of redwood, the building follows the locally popular row-house plan, developed to maximise the use of space in deep, narrow hillside lots.</p><br>
<p>Mount Tabor is an extinct volcanic vent with a city park on the volcano, located in Portland, Oregon&#39;s neighborhood of the same name. The name refers to Mount Tabor, Israel. It was named by Plympton Kelly, son of Oregon City pioneer resident Clinton Kelly.</p><br>
<h2>Cinder cone</h2><br>
<p>The peak of Mount Tabor is 636 ft in elevation</p><br>
<p>about two-thirds of this is prominence since the surrounding land is about 200 ft elevation.</p><br>
<p>Near the peak, where a basketball court and outdoor amphitheater are now situated, part of the cinder cone has been cut away, and the rock is visible to park visitors. The remaining cinders were used to pave the nearby parking lot.</p><br>
<p>The Tabor cinder cone is part of the Boring Lava Field, an extensive network of cinder cones and small shield volcanoes ranging from Boring, Oregon, to southwest Washington, and dating to the Plio-Pleistocene era. The lava field has been extinct for over 300,000 years. Three other cinder cones from this field also lie within the city of Portland: Rocky Butte, Powell Butte, and Kelly Butte.</p><br>
<p>Portland is one of six cities in the United States to have an extinct volcano (Mount Tabor) within its boundaries. Bend is the only other city in Oregon with a volcano within its city limits, with Pilot Butte. Jackson Volcano in Jackson, Mississippi, Diamond Head in Honolulu, Glassford Hill in Prescott Valley, Arizona and Pilot Knob in Austin, Texas being the others.</p><br>
<p>The volcanic nature of Mount Tabor became known in 1913, when a road-building crew discovered traces of volcanic cinders in the park.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>The land making up the Mount Tabor volcanic butte was identified as a site for reservoirs in the 1880s due to its ideal elevation for a water distribution system. The Mount Tabor reservoirs were built during the period of 1894 and 1911, along with reservoirs in Washington Park. City fathers formed a water committee and created a municipal water system piping water some 25 miles from the Bull Run River watershed, separate and west of Mount Hood, to Mount Tabor reservoirs and across the Willamette River to City Park (now Washington Park) reservoirs in 1894. The Bull Run watershed was among the first federal lands to be set aside in the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 and enacted by president Benjamin Harrison.</p><br>
<p>The reservoirs and their gatehouses are artistically constructed, incorporating extensive reinforced concrete, designed to look like stonework, by two early patented techniques by noted engineer Ernest L. Ransome and wrought-iron fencing and lampposts designed by architect William M. Whidden. There were initially four above-ground reservoirs, numbered 1, 2, 5, and 6. (Reservoirs 3 and 4 are at Washington Park, and Reservoir 7 is a small underground reservoir near Mount Tabors summit.) Reservoir 2, on the corner of SE 60th and Division, was decommissioned in the 1980s, and the property was sold to a private developer. Its gatehouse remains, and is used as a private residence. Reservoir 6 is the largest, with two 37 million gallon chambers; it also contains a fountain, which was unused for many years; however, it was reactivated in early 2007. Three of the reservoirs were accepted to the National Register of Historic Places in January 2004. The reservoirs nomination was also a community effort spearheaded by the Friends of the Reservoirs and funded by donations.</p><br>
<p>John Charles Olmsted, stepson and nephew of the famed Frederick Law Olmsted, visited Portland in 1903 to help design the site for the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, on the request of Rev. Thomas Lamb Eliot, minister of the First Unitarian Church and relative of Charles Eliot, the son of the president of Harvard University and acclaimed landscape architect and partner in the Olmsted landscape firm in Brookline, Massachusetts. Rev. Eliot arranged for Olmsted to visit Seattle for park planning, too, in order to help make the long trip financially feasible. While John Charles Olmsted was in Portland, Rev. Eliot and other park supporters took him on a tour throughout the city so that he could create a grand plan of parks. Olmsted recommended that Mount Tabor be protected for future park use, even though it was well removed from the city at the time. Following Olmsted&#39;s recommendation, the Portland Parks Bureau began to acquire land there in 1909. The park was designed, along with other Portland parks, by Emanuel Tillman Mische, a highly pedigreed horticulturist and long-time landscape designer for the famed Olmsted Brothers landscape firm. The 196-acre (0.79 km) Mount Tabor Park was the largest Portland park until 1947 when Forest Park was created.</p><br>
<p>Mount Tabor Park does not appear to have ever been formally ordained by the city as a park. According to archival records, an ordinance declaring Williams Park, named for a prominent citizen, was stopped by neighborhood activists wanting the historic name, Mount Tabor Park, to be retained. No other ordinance appears to have been enacted to date. The entire park, including the Central Maintenance Yard, was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The nomination was forwarded by a community effort spearheaded and funded by the Mount Tabor Neighborhood Association.</p><br>
<p>Mount Tabor was home to cross burnings by Oregon&#39;s Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s. Automotive parades of hooded Klan members were common in Southeast Portland.</p><br>
<p>The park featured a statue of The Oregonian editor and Scottish Rite Freemason Harvey W. Scott. The bronze statue was dedicated on July 22, 1933, with approximately 3,000 in attendance, 23 years after Scott died. Oregon governor Julius Meier was chairman of the event, and Chester Harvey Rowell gave a speech. The statue was toppled in 2020 and replaced with the bust of York in February 2021.</p><br>
<p>In 2023, Mount Tabor Park was designated as the first Urban Quiet Park in the United States by Quiet Parks International, an organization that seeks to promote quiet parks around the world.</p><br>
<h2>Reservoir controversy</h2><br>
<p>The Mount Tabor Reservoirs, along with those in Portland&#39;s Washington Park, have been the subject of a decade-long controversy surrounding lucrative engineering contracts to replace the historic open reservoirs with underground storage tanks. Concern has been raised about the possible relationship between City officials and the engineering firms receiving the no-bid reservoir decommissioning contracts; and about the role these parties may have played in lobbying for pro-underground-tank modifications (the "LT2" rule) to the Safe Drinking Water Act.</p><br>
<p>On June 15, 2011, a man was observed urinating in a nearly 8-million-gallon reservoir, prompting city officials to drain the water at a cost of around $36,000.</p><br>
<p>Under LT2 several hundred of the country&#39;s historic open reservoirs were decommissioned, including the three open air reservoirs on Mount Tabor, which no longer provide drinking water.</p><br>
<p>Following pressure from other open-reservoir cities, in 2011 the EPA softened its stance on the LT2 rule and allowed the countrys remaining open reservoirs to halt burial plans; but despite public outcry Mount Tabors open reservoirs remain slated for decommissioning. In August 2015 the Portland City Council voted for decommissioning, considered to be the final vote on the issue.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the park</h2><br>
<p>Mount Tabor Park can be entered by vehicle from 69th Avenue and Yamhill Street on the north side of the volcano, Harrison Street on the east, Lincoln Street on the southwest, and 60th Avenue and Salmon Street on the northwest side. An off-leash dog park is located on the south side near the Harrison entrance. There is also pedestrian access from several dead-end streets on the south side off 72nd Avenue. A bike path and multiuse path provides park access beginning at SE 64th Avenue and Division Street. The bike path construction was completed in 2024.</p><br>
<h3>Hiking</h3><br>
<p>Mount Tabor has numerous paths and can be climbed from virtually any direction. Three official trails begin and end at the kiosk in the parking lot just west of the park entrance at 69th and Yamhill. The easy one-mile (1.6 km) Red Trail, the intermediate 1.7-mile (2.7 km) Green Trail and the more difficult 3-mile (4.8 km) Blue Trail all circle the volcano by way of gravel paths and paved roads. The Blue Trail includes the 96-step stairway between Reservoirs 5 and 6, and has an optional 0.31-mile (0.5 km) loop around the summit. Bicycles are permitted on the Red and Blue Trails. Leashed dogs are permitted on all the trails. Restrooms are available at the summit and the visitors center near the 60th and Salmon entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Visitors&#39; center</h2><br>
<p>In October 2011, the Friends of Mount Tabor Park opened a visitors&#39; center in a former storage room at the park.</p><br>
<p>The Hayes Mansion is a historic mansion estate in the Edenvale neighborhood of San Jose, California. The mansion currently operates as a hotel resort and is currently known as Hayes Mansion San Jose, Curio Collection by Hilton. The hotel has been a member of, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, since 2019.</p><br>
<p>Originally the home of the Hayes family, the mansion is regarded as one of the best examples of late 19th-century Mission Revival architecture in the Santa Clara Valley. It is a California Historical Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Architect George Page was commissioned in 1903 by Mary Chynoweth, widow of Anson Hayes and wife of San Jose attorney Thomas Chynoweth, to build a home to replace the Hayes familys wooden English Baroque mansion, which had burned to the ground in 1899. Intended to provide a triple residence for the Chynoweths and growing families of Marys two sons (Everis A. Hayes and Jay Orly Hayes), the home&#39;s design incorporated the latest fire safety features of the day.</p><br>
<p>Early on, the property was self-sufficient, with its own power plant, a post office, railroad station, carriage stop, lodgings for 40 ranch hands, and a chapel. The family grew fruits and vegetables and raised its own livestock. Everis A. Hayes and Jay Hayes went on to help develop the Santa Clara Valley fruit industry and became the publishers of the San Jose Mercury. Everis Hayes served seven terms in the USA House of Representatives as a Republican, from 1905 to 1919. Jay Hayes was founder and president of the California Prune and Apricot Growers Association, which later became the Sunsweet Growers co-operative. Three USA presidents visited the mansion during their prominence.</p><br>
<p>The family sold the property during the 1950s, after which the building remained vacant for some time then became dilapidated. Purchased by the City of San Jose in 1985, the Mansion opened as a meeting venue in 1994. The building now contains 33,000 ft2 of meeting space and 214 guest rooms and is surrounded by the 20 acre Edenvale Gardens Regional Park. Interstate Hotels and Resorts (now Aimbridge Hospitality) began managing the resort in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The 41,000 ft&sup2; Mediterranean villa features exotic woods, imported marble and ornate stained glass windows. Constructed in the shape of a Maltese Cross, its long center section contains an 18-foot (5.45 m) wide solarium connecting the north and south wings.</p><br>
<p>A loggia connects the east with the west. Walls are stucco coated double brick. Fire-safety features include fire hose cabinets connected to water tanks on the third floor and a kitchen located in a separate building connected to the mansion by a glass and marble conservatory.</p><br>
<p>The Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel, located at the NASA Ames Research Center in Moffett Federal Airfield, Mountain View, California, United States, is a research facility used extensively to design and test new generations of aircraft, both commercial and military, as well as NASA space vehicles, including the Space Shuttle. The facility was completed in 1955 and is one of five facilities created after the 1949 Unitary Plan Act supporting aeronautics research.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>After the construction of the Variable Density Tunnel at Langley in 1921, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics built a variety of technical research facilities upon which the American aircraft industry was based. These facilities enabled the American aircraft industry to dominate the skies in both commercial and military aviation. By 1945, America&#39;s lead in the field of aviation seemed to be evaporating. The technological achievements of the German missiles and jet aircraft indicated a lag in American aeronautical research.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, Congress passed the Unitary Plan Act, under which the Federal government coordinated a national plan of facility construction encompassing NACA, as well as the Air Force, private industry, and universities. The Unitary Plan resulted in the construction of a new series of wind tunnel complexes to support the American aircraft industry, including the Ames Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel Complex.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Construction of this facility began in 1950-1951 and continued until 1955. Because no one wind tunnel could meet all the demands for additional research facilities simulating the entire range of aircraft and missile flight, NACA chose to build the Ames tunnel with three separate test sections drawing power from a common centralized power plant. The transonic test section spanned 11 by 11 feet (3.3 x 3.3 m), while the two supersonic sections were smaller: nine by seven feet (2.7 x 2.1 m) and eight by seven feet (2.4 x 2.1 m). Giant valves 20 feet (6 m) in diameter supplied air from one supersonic leg to another.</p><br>
<p>The Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel has three closed-loop wind tunnels, each with its own model test section, but all sharing the same drive motors. The drive motors power compressors to propel the air within the wind tunnel circuit. Because of this shared layout, only one UPWT test section can be used at a time. The three wind tunnels that are part of this system are:</p><br>
<p>11-by 11-foot Transonic Test Section. A closed-return, variable-density tunnel with a fixed-geometry, ventilated test section with a flexible wall nozzle with a Mach range of 0.20 to 1.45.</p><br>
<p>9-by 7-foot Supersonic Test Section. A closed circuit, single return, variable density, continuous flow wind tunnel with a Mach range of 1.55 to 2.55.</p><br>
<p>8-by 7-foot Supersonic Test Section. A closed circuit, single return, variable density, continuous flow wind tunnel with a Mach range of 2.55 to 3.5. (The 8x7 was decommissioned in the early 90&#39;s and is considered "mothballed").</p><br>
<p>The Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The American West Coast aircraft industry quickly capitalized on the Ames Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel Complex. The famed Boeing fleet of commercial transports and the Douglas DC-8, DC-9, and DC-10 were all tested here; as well as military aircraft such as the F-111 fighter, the C-5A Galaxy transport and the B-1 Lancer bomber. In addition to aircraft, in the 1960s and 1970s all NASA crewed space vehicles including the Space Shuttle and SLS have been tested in the Ames Unitary Plan Wind tunnel complex.</p><br>
<h2>Drive system</h2><br>
<p>The major element of the tunnel complex is its main drive system. The main drive consists of four wound-rotor-type induction electric motors connected in tandem.</p><br>
<p>Each motor is rated to produce up to 65,000 Horsepower and 7200 volts. Combined, the main drive system can produce up to 260,000 horsepower. Drive speed is currently controlled by a liquid rheostat system.</p><br>
<h2>11ft transonic wind tunnel</h2><br>
<p>The Transonic wind tunnel is a closed-return, variable density tunnel with a fixed test section geometry. The 11-ft is capable of speeds from Mach 0.25 to Mach 1.4. Airflow is produced by a three-stage, axial-flow compressor. Supersonic conditions are achieved by moving a symmetric flexible wall in a nozzle configuration.</p><br>
<p>Typical models in the 11-ft are either a full span (sting mounted), or half span (floor mounted) configuration.</p><br>
<p>A sting-mounted model support is capable of moving the test article to various AOA and AOS setpoints within at 15 degree cone.</p><br>
<p>Typical model measurements acquired may include: Forces and Moments, Steady-State Pressures, Temperatures.</p><br>
<p>Multiple optical test techniques are offered which include: Shadowgraph (which is closely related to Schlieren), Infrared Thermography, Model Deformation and Pressure-sensitive paint.</p><br>
<h2>9x7ft supersonic wind tunnel</h2><br>
<p>The 9x7ft Supersonic Wind tunnel is capable of speeds from Mach 1.55 to Mach 2.5. Mach number is set by moving an asymmetric, sliding nozzle block. Airflow is produced by an 11-stage, axial-flow compressor that weighs over 450 tons.</p><br>
<p>The Sarah Orne Jewett House is a historic house museum at 5 Portland Street in South Berwick, Maine, United States. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1991 for its lifelong association with the American author Sarah Orne Jewett , whose influential work exemplified regional writing of the late 19th century. The house, built in 1774, is a high-quality example of late Georgian architecture. It is now owned by Historic New England, and is open for tours every weekend between June and October, and two Saturdays per month the rest of the year.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Jewett House is set prominently at the northeast corner of Main and Portland Streets in the center of South Berwick, Maine. The house, a two-story wood-frame structure with clapboard siding, was built in 1774 for John Haggins, a successful merchant. It is surmised from the modest exterior and elaborate interior that Haggins did exceptionally well during the American Revolutionary War, and was thus able to afford a higher quality of workmanship for the interior.</p><br>
<p>The main block of the house is five bays wide and two deep, with a hip roof pierced in front by three gabled dormers. A gable-roofed Colonial Revival portico shelters the main entrance; it (and the dormers) were added in the late 19th century. A two-story ell extends to the rear of the main block. The interior has an elaborately-decorated entrance hall, with a keystone arch supported by fluted pilasters, and a staircase whose carved balusters and posts were reported to take two men 100 days to complete. The public rooms downstairs also feature decorative Georgian carved paneling. The rooms are decorated to the late 19th century, and the bedroom of Sarah Orne Jewett on the second floor is essentially as it was when she died there.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Theodore Jewett, also a merchant, moved his family into the house sometime in the 1820s. John Haggins died in 1819, and his estate sold the house to Jewett in 1839. His son, Dr. Theodore H. Jewett, moved into the house in 1848, and it is here that his second daughter Sarah was born the following year. From 1854 to 1877 the young family lived next door, in what is now called the Jewett-Eastman House. Sarah Orne Jewett and her sister Mary inherited this house in 1887, with their younger sister Caroline moving into the 1854 house next door. The two sisters, neither of whom married, lived in the house for the rest of their lives.</p><br>
<p>Theodore Jewett died in September 1878 and Sarah turned to her friend Annie Adams for comfort, particularly after the death of her husband James T. Fields. In the summer of 1882, the two women traveled to Europe together and began a relationship which has been termed a "Boston marriage". Thereafter, the two women shared spaces and divided their time between the Jewett home in South Berwick, the Fields home on Charles Street in Boston, or a summer home at Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Sarah Orne Jewett became widely known for her writing after the publication in 1896 of The Country of the Pointed Firs. The work popularized a form of literature now called American literary regionalism, in which the character of a region (in Jewetts case, rural southern Maine) is infused into the writing. She was hailed by writer Willa Cather for her influence, and her publications and life are the regular subject of scholarly interest. Jewett convinced her friend Emily Tyson and Tysons stepdaughter Elise to purchase and restore the house in 1898. Jewett used the home as a model for the setting of her book The Tory Lover in 1901.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Sarah in 1909 and Mary in 1930, the house was inherited by Caroline&#39;s husband Edwin Eastman; he gave the property to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (SPNEA, now Historic New England). That organization now operates the main house as a house museum dedicated to Sarah Orne Jewett, with the Jewett-Eastman House serving as a visitors center. Historic New England also oversees the Hamilton House in town.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and was declared a National Historic Landmark on July 17, 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Marrett House is a historic house museum at 40 East Ossipee Trail  in Standish, Maine. Built in 1789, it is a prominent local example of Greek Revival architecture, and was for many years owned by members of the Marrett family. In 1944 it was given to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities , which operates it as a museum today. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Marrett House is located in the village of Standish Corner, on the north side of the Ossipee Trail, just east of the junction with Maine State Route 35. It is a wood frame connected farmstead, with the main house in front, connected via a series of additions to a barn. The main block is stories in height, with a side gable roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and stone foundation. The front facade is five bays wide, with an entrance vestibule featuring flanking pilasters and a gabled pediment. The building corners are pilastered, and Greek Revival trim is continued on the ells and the barn. The interior of the house retains most of its original finishes, and is decorated with Marrett family possessions, given with the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1789 by Benjamin Titcomb, and had at that time typical Federal period styling. It was acquired in 1796 by Daniel Marrett, a Harvard College graduate who moved to Standish to become the town parson. The house he purchased reflected his status as the communitys leading citizen. Over the years, Marretts children and grandchildren enlarged and updated the house but left many furnishings and interior arrangements unchanged as relics of the past. They preserved the southwest parlor exactly as it had appeared on the occasion of a family wedding in 1847. In 1889, the family celebrated the house&#39;s centennial by refurbishing several of the rooms with reproduction heirloom wallpapers and bed hangings, and organizing a large family reunion to honor the Marrett legacy.</p><br>
<p>The house was used to safeguard gold from banks in Portland during the War of 1812.</p><br>
<p>In 1944, the house was given by Daniel Marrett&#39;s descendants to Historic New England. The house is open to the public for guided tours on the first and third Saturday of the month, June though October 15.</p><br>
<p>The University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District is a historic district located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1984, it includes a number of historic buildings that were constructed during the late 1800s and early 1900s, and represents the oldest extant section of the University of Minnesota campus. The general area was designed by landscape architect Horace W. S. Cleveland, who envisioned a park-like University. His plan, that he presented to the Board of Regents, went on to help form the Historic District. It is located directly to the north of the University&#39;s Northrop Mall Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Eddy Hall, 1886</h2><br>
<p>The oldest building within the district, as well as the oldest extant building on the Minneapolis campus. Originally built as the Mechanic Arts building, it was designed by Minneapolis architect LeRoy S. Buffington. Executed in the Queen Anne mode, the building is three stories in height on a high basement; a square tower at the northwest corner dominates the entry. It is constructed of red brick with red sandstone trim, and is essentially rectangular in plan. Dominant features include the multi-gabled roof, high double-hung windows, panels of patterned brick, and iron cresting with weather vane on the tower.</p><br>
<p>Erected at a cost of $30,000 in 1886, the building received a $10,000 addition in 1903. The building originally housed the Mathematics, Drawing, Civil-Municipal-Structural Engineering departments, as well as testing laboratories. The Mechanic Arts building was eventually renamed Eddy Hall in honor of Henry Turner Eddy, former professor of Engineering and Mathematics and later Dean of the Graduate School. In 2011, it closed its doors anticipating a renovation to fix several issues. The building was in a state of disrepair, the top floor was roped off due to structural concerns, and the annex already had to be demolished. The University asked the state for $21,000,000 in funding, however, a bonding bill proposed by then governor Mark Dayton did not include money allocated for the project. The renovation was snubbed and Eddy Hall has remained vacant since.</p><br>
<h2>Music Education, 1888</h2><br>
<p>Originally the Student Christian Association building. It once housed the Child Welfare and Music Education departments. In the 1940s, an expanded entryway was added. On July 8, 2009, as part of an effort to raze obsolete buildings on campus, the University of Minnesota Board of Regents moved to demolish the building. According to the Regents, the excessive cost of renovation was the main deterrent against any reuse option. Demolition commenced in May 2010 with an expected cost of $432,000.</p><br>
<h2>Pillsbury Hall, 1889</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as Science Hall, it was renamed in honor of Governor John S. Pillsbury during construction. Harvey Ellis, Buffingtons assistant, was responsible for the Richardsonian Romanesque details of the design. Though Ellis was inspired by the aesthetic of Henry Hobson Richardson, the building also contains elements of the Prairie School, Arts and Crafts, Gothic, and Victorian styles. The building is built with two different colors of sandstone. The buff-colored sandstone is from quarries near Banning State Park, while the red sandstone is from the Fond du Lac formation. The clay tile roof and copper eaves serve to protect the sandstone from the infiltration of water, and they also add to the appearance of the building. Reflecting its earthen architectural elements, the building housed the Newton Horace Winchell School of Earth Sciences until 2017. The building underwent a renovation and reopened in 2022, now home to the Universitys English department.</p><br>
<h2>Pattee Hall, 1889</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as the Law Building and erected at a cost of $30,000, it was the first building of the University of Minnesota Law School, itself founded in 1888. The Richardsonian Romanesque-style building was later named after William S. Pattee, the School&#39;s first dean, leaving the building vacant once again. In 1985, the Institute on Community Integration moved in and has remained there since, alongside the Department of American Indian Studies, which joined them in 2024 after the building underwent a renovation. Various symbols of the Law School still exist throughout the structure.</p><br>
<h2>216 Pillsbury Drive, 1890</h2><br>
<p>Originally built as a chemistry laboratory, until the department moved.</p><br>
<p>The building was rehabilitated with $24 million of structural improvements and interior updates. While much of the building&#39;s Richardsonian Romanesque exterior was restored during the project, new Art Nouveau motifs were introduced throughout the interior. The building reopened to the public in January 2006 and is currently used for a number of classroom and administrative purposes, alongside housing the university’s Cultural Studies & Comparative Literature Department and the Center for Jewish Studies.</p><br>
<p>In 2019, a University task force suggested removing Edward E. Nicholson&#39;s name from the building, due to his anti-Semitic beliefs, along with his efforts to suppress political speech and student activism. In 2024, the name "Nicholson Hall" ceased use, with the building now known by its address, 216 Pillsbury Drive, until a new name is selected.</p><br>
<h2>Wulling Hall, 1892</h2><br>
<p>Originally built as Medical Hall, it contained the Universitys Medical School. In 1906, it was renamed as Millard Hall after the Medical Schools first dean, Perry Millard, who passed away the same year. In 1912, the Medical School relocated and the College of Pharmacy took its place the next year. The building became known as Pharmacy Hall until being officially renamed as Wulling Hall in 1942, after the College&#39;s first dean, Frederick J. Wulling. The College of Pharmacy moved to Appleby Hall in 1960. Today, Wulling Hall houses some offices belonging to the College of Education and Human Development, specifically the Office of Teacher Education.</p><br>
<h2>Burton Hall, 1894</h2><br>
<p>Named in honor of University president Miriam Burton, it was the main library building on campus until Walter Library opened in 1924. Before Burton Hall was built, the library collection was housed in Old Main. A series of fires in Old Main convinced the Board of Regents that a new, fireproof building was needed. President William Watts Folwell first consulted with LeRoy Buffington on a library design, but the Regents overruled him. After much debate between the Regents and the faculty, the design was eventually finalized. In an act of compromise, the exterior was designed by Buffington in a severe Greek Revival style and the interior was designed by Charles Sedgwick in a rather ornate Victorian style. The building originally included an assembly hall which doubled as a chapel. It is currently home to the College of Education and Human Development.</p><br>
<h2>Armory, 1896</h2><br>
<p>Originally built for athletics and military drills,</p><br>
<h2>Wesbrook Hall, 1898</h2><br>
<p>Originally the Laboratory of Medical Science and built in the Renaissance Revival style, at the cost of $65,000. It became the home of the Dentistry department in 1912, later housing the Department of Writing Studies The building was renamed Wesbrook Hall after Frank Wesbrook, a professor in pathology and bacteriology and dean of the College of Medicine and Surgery. The site is now the location of Pfutzenreuter Plaza, named after Richard Pfutzenreuter, a longtime treasurer at the University.</p><br>
<h2>Jones Hall, 1901</h2><br>
<p>The first home of the Physics department. The Beaux-Arts structure was rehabilitated in 2005 to provide updated mechanical systems and ADA access. Historic features such as stair treads and banisters, paneled doors, arched ceilings, and terra cotta facade were preserved during the project. The building is now home to the Freshman Admissions Welcome Center as well as the College of Liberal Arts language lab.</p><br>
<h2>Campbell Hall, 1903</h2><br>
<p>Originally built as the School of Mines Building until damaged by fire in 1913. The building was later used for the University High School until its relocation to Peik Hall, and ultimately became the home of the Institute of Child Development. covering two thirds the cost of the project, with the rest being funded by donors. Construction began the same year. Until 2022, it was known as the Child Development Building before being officially named Campbell Hall upon completion of the building&#39;s renovation, after Carmen D. and James R. Campbell.</p><br>
<h2>Shevlin Hall, 1906</h2><br>
<p>Built on the site of Old Main, the first building on campus, after it burned down in 1904. The building was a gift from Minneapolis lumberman Thomas H. Shevlin (1852-1912), named in honor of his wife Alice Ann Hall Shevlin (1864-1910). Until it moved Coffman Memorial Union in 1940, Shevlin Hall served as the women&#39;s student union, providing women with basic amenities such as restrooms, and a space to engage in intellectual and social pursuits. Today, the building currently houses the Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences department and a rock with a plaque commemorating the former Old Main sits in the front.</p><br>
<h2>Folwell Hall, 1907</h2><br>
<p>Designed in the Jacobethan Revival style by Minnesota State Architect Clarence H. Johnston, it was built to house departments displaced after the burning of Old Main in 1904. These included the Pedagogy, Oratory, and Psychology departments, as well as the Alumni Magazine, German Museum, Gopher Yearbook, and Minnesota Daily. It is now home to a majority of the university&#39;s foreign language departments.</p><br>
<p>The building, which received an extensive rehabilitation in 2012, is considered one of the most elaborate on campus. Its exterior features include carved brick detailing, balustrades, parapets, gargoyles, and many chimneys. Interior features include polished marble hallways, fireplaces, and ornate staircases.</p><br>
<p>Folwell Hall is named in honor of William Watts Folwell, the first president of the University of Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The Nickels-Sortwell House is a historic house museum at 121 Main Street in Wiscasset, Maine, United States. Built in 1807 by a wealthy ship&#39;s captain, the house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970 as an exceptionally high-quality example of the Federal style of architecture. After serving as a hotel for much of the 19th century, the house returned to private hands in 1900. It was given to Historic New England in 1958, which gives tours of the house between May and October.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Nickels-Sortwell House is set facing south on a sideways-sloping lot on the north side of Main Street (USA Route 1) in the center of Wiscasset. It is a three-story wood-frame structure, five bays wide and 83 ft deep, the length including a rear ell. It has a low-pitch hip roof and is set on a granite foundation. The front facade is finished in flushboard, while the remainder of the house is clapboarded. On the first floor, the middle three bays are outlined by slightly projecting arches, the central bay (where the entrance is) being slightly wider. The entry consists of a single door, flanked by pilasters and sidelight windows embellished with oval tracery, and topped by a semi-elliptical fanlight with similar tracery. The entry is sheltered by a portico supported by four Corinthian columns, with a latticework balustrade on top.</p><br>
<p>Above the central projecting arches, four fluted Corinthian pilasters rise to the roof level. The fenestration of the bays other than the central one is uniform; there is a Palladian window at the second level in the center, and a half-round window at the third level, exhibiting tracery similar to that found in the entry windows.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the house has a modified central-hall plan, with the central hall divided by a partition into a front public hall and a rear service hall, which is continued to the service rooms in the rear ell. The front hall is semi-oval in shape, and is divided crosswise by an arch. Doorways in the front half lead left and right into large parlor spaces, and a free-standing spiral staircase rises in the center. The interior retains much of its original woodwork, including window seats and recessed inside shutters for the windows.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1807 by Captain William Nickels, a ship owner and trader. The style and age of the building reflect "a period when shipbuilding and the maritime trade brought prosperity and sophisticated tastes to this riverside community." Nickels, whose earlier success had enabled him to build such a lavish house, was financially ruined by the Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812, and died in 1815. From 1820 to 1900 the house was operated as a hotel. During this time a number of alterations were made to the interior, including subdividing some of its bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1899 by Alvin F. Sortwell of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and redecorated by his family in the then-fashionable Colonial Revival style. The solarium in the northeast corner was added by the Sortwells, as was the present entry portico, which replaced a broader porch added during the hotel period. The Sortwells also repurchased a parcel to the rear of the house that had been subdivided from the Nickels holdings, and built a carriage house on it. The garden in between was designed by Charles Eliot II of the Olmsted Brothers landscape design firm. Frances Sortwell, the daughter of Alvin and Gertrude Sortwell, bequeathed the property to the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities (now Historic New England) in 1958.</p><br>
<p>The property was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and is a contributing property to the Wiscasset Historic District, listed in 1973. It is open seasonally June 1 - October 15 for tours; admission is charged, except for members of Historic New England. Part of the house is now also available as a short-term vacation rental.</p><br>
<p>The Pierce House is a rare 17th-century  house at 24 Oakton Avenue in the Dorchester neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts. Built c. 1683, It documents period building practices, and the tastes and housing needs of one family, the Pierces, over more than three centuries. At different times, family members expanded and adapted their dwelling to meet new demands for space, function, comfort, privacy, and cleanliness.</p><br>
<p>The history of the Pierce family, ten generations of whom lived in the Pierce House, highlights important aspects of social history, community history, and New England history. On the most direct level it tells the story of a New England family over the course of three hundred and fifty years. The Pierces, like other families of their class, worked hard to provide for themselves and their children and to preserve their legacy; to do so they continually had to adapt to changing circumstances. They took part in both local and national events; during the American Revolution, for example, Colonel Samuel Pierce (1736–1815), participated in the fortification of Dorchester Heights.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The house is now owned by Historic New England, which operates it as a historic house museum, with school and youth programs.</p><br>
<p>St. George Antiochian Orthodox Church in Lowell, Massachusetts, is an Eastern Orthodox parish under the jurisdiction of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America. St. George Church is one of several Eastern Orthodox churches in the city of Lowell, along with Holy Trinity, Transfiguration, and St. George .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first Syrian-Lebanese families came to Lowell in the mid-1880s. They came from two small towns: Aita al-Foukhar in the present-day Lebanon and Saydnaya, Syria. With them came the ancient faith of their forefathers, Eastern Orthodoxy.</p><br>
<p>Since there was no church, and when a priest was available, Sunday services were held in the homes of the faithful. Through the efforts of dedicated laymen, the present church was purchased in 1917. It had originally been built in 1883 by French Huguenots, a Protestant sect. It took two years to remodel and prepare the church building for use as an Orthodox temple of worship. On Sunday, May 25, 1919, Metropolitan Germanos Shehadeh of Zahle, assisted by Archmandrite Seraphim Nassar, dedicated the church edifice.</p><br>
<p>The original parish comprised 25 to 30 families. The parish has grown throughout the years as more Orthodox faithful have migrated and immigrated to the area. The city of Lowell is unique in that approximately one-fifth of the population is of the Eastern Orthodox faith. The parishioners of St. George take pride in their parish&#39;s professional people who include doctors, lawyers, graduate engineers and many successful business people.</p><br>
<p>The church has been under the jurisdiction of the following Prelates: Metropolitan Archbishop Germanos Shehadah, Metropolitan Archbishop Victor Abouassaly, Metropolitan Archbishop Samuel David, Metropolitan Archbishop Michael Shaheen, and since August 24, 1975, is under the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Archbishop Philip Saliba Primate and his Auxiliaries, Bishop Antoun Khouri, Bishop Basil Essey, Bishop Demetri Khoury and Bishop Joseph Al-Zehlaoui. Throughout the years, the church has been served by the following Priests:</p><br>
<p>1917-1919: Michael Husson</p><br>
<p>1919-1926: Fiani</p><br>
<p>1926-1929: Raphael Husson</p><br>
<p>1929-1931: Nicholas Husson</p><br>
<p>1931-1938: (closed)</p><br>
<p>1938-1951: Cosmo Ansara</p><br>
<p>1951-1962: Michael Shahin</p><br>
<p>1962-1965: Elias Gillette</p><br>
<p>1965-1966: Haddad</p><br>
<p>1966-1972: Thomas Green</p><br>
<p>1972-1975: Mark Pemberton</p><br>
<p>1975-1976: John Scollard</p><br>
<p>1976-1978: Antony Beauchamp</p><br>
<p>1978-1982: Andrew Zbeeb</p><br>
<p>1982-1986: Daniel Griffith</p><br>
<p>1986-1989: Theodore Pulcini</p><br>
<p>1989-1992: John Teebagy</p><br>
<p>1992-1994: George Sayaf</p><br>
<p>1994-2001: Isaac Crow</p><br>
<p>2001-pres: Leonard Faris</p><br>
<p>Over the years, much remodeling and beautification of the church has taken place. In the mid-1980s, new icons were installed, painted by the well-known Iconographer, Youssis. The most prominent of these are the breathtaking image of the Holy Virgin (Platytera) in the church apse and the majestic icon of the Pantocrator (Jesus) directly overhead.</p><br>
<p>Most recently, air conditioning has been installed.</p><br>
<h2>Placement on the National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>St. George of Lowell was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in June 2008. It was included on the National Register because of the church&#39;s association with immigrants who worked in the mills that made Lowell the center of the American Industrial Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The Hoover House, formally known as the Lou Henry Hoover House or the Lou Henry and Herbert Hoover House, is a historic house located on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford, California, United States. Completed in 1920, it is the former house of Herbert Hoover, 31st president of the United States, and his wife Lou Henry Hoover, who designed it. It is now the official home of the president of Stanford. In addition to its importance as a residence of the Hoovers, the house is a significant early example of the International Style of architecture. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the end of World War I, the Hoovers had commissioned architect Louis Christian Mullgardt to design their Stanford home; however, Mullgardt publicized his appointment prior to the end of the war, angering the Hoovers, who felt that it was an inopportune time in the waning months of a terrible conflict to announce the construction of a large home. Mullgardt was summarily dismissed.</p><br>
<p>After several consultations the Hoovers convinced Arthur Bridgman Clark, a Stanford art professor who practiced freelance architecture during the summer, to be their architect. Clark agreed on the condition that Mrs. Hoover design the house and that Clark, aided by architectural draftsman Charles Davus and Clarks architect son, Birge, would serve in an advisory capacity. Mrs. Hoover sketched ideas, watching construction, but when anyone told her that any of her architectural ideas werent done, she responded, "Well, it&#39;s time someone did."</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the house appears much smaller than would be suggested by its interior. This is achieved thanks to the hillside site with the house disappearing into the slope of San Juan Hill. and others have seen Pueblo influence.</p><br>
<p>Herbert Hoovers contribution was to order that the home be fireproof, and the walls were constructed of hollow tiles. Built from 1919 to 1920, the house was the couples first and only permanent residence. The Hoovers lived there only a short time before Herbert was appointed Secretary of Commerce by President Warren G. Harding in 1921, a role he continued under President Calvin Coolidge. It was here that Hoover awaited the presidential election returns in 1928, when he won against Alfred E. Smith, and 1932, when he lost the election to Franklin D. Roosevelt. During Hoover&#39;s presidency (1929–33), the Hoover family only made brief visits to their Stanford home. They returned to this house after 1932, while maintaining a New York apartment as a second residence.</p><br>
<p>After Lou&#39;s death in 1944, her husband deeded the house to Stanford University to serve as a home for university professors. It now serves as the official residence of the university president and is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 it was fitted with solar panels.</p><br>
<p>The James Lick Mansion, in Santa Clara, California, United States, is the estate of James Lick, who was the richest man in California at the time of his death in 1876. The estate is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. This property was once part of the Rancho Ulistac land grant, a square league reaching from the Alviso shoreline southward and encompassing all the land between the Guadalupe River and Saratoga Creek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Lick era</h3><br>
<p>The complex of buildings reflects the varied uses of the property over its history. The major historical constructions are a brick granary and millpond from the original mill built by James Lick around 1855, the large house built by Lick around 1858 and a late Victorian-era office building.</p><br>
<p>Lick built this Italianate Victorian mansion between 1858 and 1860 next to his flour mill. The mansion is constructed of native redwood featuring detailed woodwork and imported marble fireplaces in each of its 24 rooms.</p><br>
<p>His farm background helped him realize the potential of the site for agricultural production. Around the mansion and mill, Lick developed a highly successful orchard operation and pioneered the introduction of new fruits and horticultural techniques. Imported specimens include the large cork oaks on the property planted by Lick himself and are still standing presently at the</p><br>
<p>Mansion Grove property.</p><br>
<h3>Later</h3><br>
<p>An 1882 fire destroyed the mill and in 1902 the Lick Mill complex was converted to the manufacture of alcohol. A series of owners, including Union Distilling, Western Grain and Sugar Products, Western Carbonic Gas, American Salt and Chemical, and Commercial Solvents and Chemical, manufactured a wide variety of products at this location.</p><br>
<h3>Present day</h3><br>
<p>The Lick Mansion and grounds are located at 4101 Lick Mill Blvd., Santa Clara, on the grounds of the Mansion Grove Apartment complex. The grounds are now privately owned and closed to the public. The City of Santa Clara disputes this statement – although the property was recently purchased by a private owner, the grounds remain subject to a right of public access to visit this important historic resource.</p><br>
